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Med Term Mod18
Ab. Norm. Cond., Path., Labs & Clinical Procedures
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| acromegaly | chronic metabolic disorder involving gradual enlargement of bones-face, jaw, & extremities |
| Addison disease | hypofunctioning of adrenal cortex; deficiency of all three adrenal steroids |
| adenectomy | removal of gland |
| adrenal virilism | excessive secretion of adrenal androgens |
| adrenalectomy | excision of one or both adrenal glands |
| adrenopathy | disease of adrenal glands |
| cretinism | congenital condition associated with severe hypothyroidism |
| Cushing syndrome | complex of caused by hypersecretion of cortisol from adrenal cortex |
| diabetes insipidus | hyposecretion of ADH; kidney fails to reabsorb needed salts and water |
| diabetes mellitus | lack of insulin secretion or improper utilization of insulin by cells leading to chronic disorder of carbohydrate, fat & protein metabolism in cells |
| dwarfism | congenital hyposecretion of growth hormone from anterior pituitary gland |
| endemic goiter | enlargement of thyroid gland due to lack of iodine in diet |
| endrocrinologist | medical specialist in diagnosis & treatment of endocrine gland disorders |
| exophthalmometry | measures the forward displacement of the eyes |
| exophthalmos | protrusion of eyeball, or proptosis |
| symptom of hypothyroidism | exophthalmos |
| fasting blood sugar | measure that assesses blood glucose levels after an 8- to 10-hour period of fasting |
| test for diabetes mellitus | fasting blood sugar |
| gastroparesis | loss of motility of stomach muscles |
| long-term secondary complication of diabete mellitus | gatroparesis |
| giantism | hypersecretion of growth hormaone from anterior pituitary before puberty |
| glucose tolerance test | measures glucose levels in blood sample taken at various intervals from patient who previously ingested glucose |
| glycosuria | sugar in urine |
| goiter | enlargement of thyroid gland |
| Graves disease | hyperfunctioning of thyroid gland |
| can cause thryotoxicosis | Graves disease |
| Graves disease is | the most common form of hyperthyroidism |
| hirutism | excessive hair growth |
| hypercalcemia | high levels of calcium in bloodstream |
| often due to hyperparathyroidism | hypercalcemia |
| hypercalciuria | high levels of calcium in urine |
| hyperglycemia | high levels of sugar in blood |
| hyperinsulinism | hypersecretion of insulin by the pancreas, resulting in hypoglycemia |
| hyperparathyroidism | hypersecretion of parathormone from parathyroid gland |
| hyperthyroidism | secretion by thryoid gland of greater than normal amount of thyroxine |
| thyroid hormone | thryroxine / T4 |
| hypocalcemia | low levels of calcium in blood |
| hyperglycemia | low levels of calcium in blood |
| hypogonadism | deficient functioning of gonads |
| hypoinsulinism | deficient production of insulin |
| hypokalemia | low levels of potassium in blood |
| hyponatremia | low levels of sodium in blood |
| hypoparathyroidism | hyposecretion of parathormone from parathyroid gland leading to hypocalcemia |
| hypophysectomy | removal of pituitary gland |
| hypopituitarism | deficient secretion of hormones from pituitary gland |
| hypothyroidism | decreased secretion of thyroid hormones from thyroid gland |
| ketoacidosis | high levels of ketones in blood |
| myxedema | hypofunctioning of thyroid gland in adults causing accumulation of mucus-like substance under skin |
| nodular goiter | enlargement of thryoid gland due to growth of adenomas on thyroid gland |
| adenomas | nodules on a gland |
| pancreatectomy | excision of pancreas |
| panhypopituitarism | generalized deficiency of all pituitary hormones |
| parathyroidectomy | removal of parathyroid glands |
| pheochromocytoma | benign vascular tumor cusing hypersecretion of epinephrine & norepinephrine |
| polydypsia | excessive thirst |
| radioactive iodine uptake | involves administering iodine and assessing the amount absorbed by the gland |
| indicator of thyroid gland function | radioactive iodine uptake |
| sympathomimetic | pertaining to mimicking/copying effect of sympathetic nervous system |
| norepinephrine & adrenaline are | sympathomimetic hormones |
| syndrome of inappropriate ADH | excessive secretion of antidiuretic hormone from the posterior lobe of pituitary |
| tetany | constant muscle contractions |
| associated with hypocalcemia & hypoparathyroidism | tetany |
| thyroid carcinoma | malignant tumor of thyroid gland |
| thyroid function test | measure the levels of thyroid hormones in the blood |
| thyroid scan | administration of radioactive compound & visualization of thyroid gland with scanning device |
| thyroiditis | inflammation of thyroid gland |
| thyrotoxicosis | hyperthyroidism, overactivity of thyroid gland |
| A1c | blood test that measures glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c) to assess glucose control |
| measures ability to respond to a glucose load; test for diabetes | glucose tolerance test |
| HbA1c glycolsylated hemoglobin test | test for presence of glucose attached to hemoglobin |
| high level indicated poor glucose control in diabetes patients | glycolsylated hemoglobin test HbA1c |
| Type 1 diabetes | insulin-dependent diabetes-mellitus |
| multiple endocrine neoplasia | hereditary hormonal disorder marked by adenomas & carcinomas |
| Type 2 diabetes | non-insulin-dependent diabetes-mellitus |
| treatment for Graves disease | radioactive oidine |
| radioimmunoassay | a laboratory measure that assesses hormone levels in plasma |
| mucosal lining of the gastrointestinal tract has cells that produce | hormones gastrin, secretin, and cholecystokinin |
| hormones gastrin, secretin, and cholecystokinin all | help to regulate digestion |
| Specific cells in the wall of the heart | secrete a hormone that causes the kidneys to excrete sodium |
| prostaglandins | hormone-like substance produced body's tissues |
| stimulate contraction of smooth muscle, influence inflammatory response & involved in gastrointestinal & vascular function, including lowering blood pressure | prostoglandins |
| hypersecretion | excessive production of hormones |
| hyposecretion | underproduction of hormones |
| condition characterized by excessive size & stature | giantism |
| if hypersecretion of GH occurs during adulthood this may result | acromegaly |
| condition is acromegaly, not giantism, if hyper sercretion occurs | after the epiphyseal discs of the long bones have been sealed |
| caused by adenomas of the pituitary | gigantism and acromegaly |
| diagnosis of gigantism and acromegaly involve | CT scan & MRI to evaluate the tumor |
| treatment for gigantism and acromegaly ivolves | irradiation or excision of neoplasm |
| hyposecretion of growth hormone produces | pituitary dwarfism |
| pituitary dwarfism | body is properly proportioned, but growth stunted |
| height does not typically exceed 4 feet in | a patient with pituitary dwarfism |
| pituitary dwarfism is usually diagnosed in early childhood with | radioimmunoassay |
| Administering growth hormone to the patient | treats pituitary dwarfism |
| radiographic examination of bones is done with | a radioimmunoassay |
| prepubertal panhypopituitarism | rare disorder associated with infections, autoimmune disorders, tumors, vascular diseases, & destruction of pituitary |
| characterized by dwarfism with normal body proportions, subnormal sexual development, & diminished thyroid/adrenal gland functioning | prepubertal panhypopituitarism |
| postpubertal panhypopituitarism | may result from thrombosis of the pituitary circulation |
| signs/symptoms of postpubertal panhypopituitarism | weakness, fatigue, & intolerance of cold; progression to premature wrinkling of skin & atrophy of thyroid/adrenal glands |
| leads to abnormal retention of water, due to excessive secretion of ADH | syndrome of inapproriate ADH |
| signs of SIADH include | weight gain, vomiting, nausea, muscle weakness, & irritability |
| may develop secondary to tumors, infectious diseases, pathologic reactions to drugs, or trauma | SIADH |
| treatment of SIADH, as secondary, commonly involves | water intake restrictions, along with diagnosis of underlying disease |
| excessive thirst & large quanities of urine excreted due to this condition | diabetes insipidus |
| causes of diabetes insipidus can include | brian tumors, CNS infections/disease, & closed head trauma |
| depending on etiology, treatment of diabetes insipidus can include | fluid replacement & ADH injection/inhalation |
| excision of gland, decreased hormones affecting gland, atrophy of gland & endemic goiter | causes of hypothyroidism |
| characteristics include dwarfism & mental retardation | cretinism |
| treatment for cretinism with thyroid hormone may promote normal physical growth | but may not be able to reverse intellectual deficits |
| most severe form of hypothyroidism | myxedema |
| Persons with myxedema experience | swelling of hands, face & feet |
| due to deficiency of thyroid hormone allowing increase of lipid/fat in bloodstream | patients suffereing from myxedema may also develop atherosclerosis |
| Myxedema can be successfully treated with | administration of thyroid hormone |
| untreated myxedema can lead to | coma & death |
| goiter, may occur in conjunction with | increased, decreased, or normal levels of hormone function |
| Endemic goiter occurs in certain geographic areas among populations of people who | lack sufficient dietary iodine |
| enlargement results from collection of colloid, a jelly-like substance, within gland | goiter |
| may occur in the presence of hyperthyroidism | nodular goiter |
| nodular goiter is also called | adenomatous goiter |
| Graves disease is believed to involve | dysfunction of immune system & influenced by genetics & environment |
| most prominent features of Graves disease | |
| exophthalmos is caused by | increased deposits of fat in tissues at back of eye socket |
| absorption of iodine is increased in | hypothyroidism |
| uptake is visualized in an image produced by a thyroid scan | radioactive iodine uptake |
| measures the forward displacement of the eyes in patients with Graves disease | exophthalmometry |
| treatment for Graves disease may involve | partial/total removal of thyroid or drugs to suppress thyroid hyperactivity |
| Radioactive iodine uptake & thyroid scan can help to diagnose | thyrocarcinoma |
| cancerous thyroid neoplasms are called | thyrocarinomas |
| cancerous thyroid neoplasms | are rare |
| grow more slowly than other malignancies | cancerous thyroid neoplasms |
| hard painless nodule in an enlarged thyroid | characterizes cancerous thyroid neoplasms |
| in a thyroid scan nodules that absorb radioactive iodine | show up as "hot" |
| "hot" nodules in a thyroid scan | are usually benign |
| don't take up radioactive iodine, during thyroid scan, showing up as "cold" | are normally tumors & likely to be malignant |
| surgical removal & high-doce radioactive iodine therapy destroying any remaining cells | treatment for tumors of thyroid |
| results in high levels of circulating PTN leading to hypercalcemia | hyperparathyroidism |
| osteitis fibrosa cystica | hypersecretion of PTH causing hypercalcemia leads to fragile bones |
| condition subject to development of cysts | osteitis fibrosa cystica |
| osteitis fibrosa cystica & kideny stones are secondary conditions | of hyperparathyroidism |
| hyperparathyroidism is usually caused by | adenoma of one of parathyroid glands |
| adenoma of one of parathyroid glands is treated by | excision of the tumor |
| muscles & nerves weaken, leading to constant tetany | hypoparathyroidism |
| tetany, related to hypoparathyroidism, is due to | calcium remaining in bone & is unable to enter blood, to reach muscles & nerves |
| adrenal virilism | excess secretions of androgens by inner layer of adrenal cortex |
| females express secondary sex characteristics, including hiruitism & deepening of voice | adrenal virilism |
| adrenal virilism is usually caused by | tumor of adrenal gland |
| adrenal virilism is managed by suppressing hormone overproduction | with medication or surgical excision of adrenal gland |
| Cushing syndrome may reflect the effect of | excessive levels of ACTH on adrenal gland, or tumor of adrenal cortex |
| treatment of arthritis/lupus with glucocorticoids may also cause | Cushing syndrome |
| display obesity, round/moon-like face, fatty deposits on chest, abdomen, & upper back | patients with Cushing syndrome |
| Cushing syndrome can also cause | muscular atrophy, osteoporosis, and hypertension |
| treatment of Cushing syndrome involves | reduction of amout of cortisol secretion pharmacologically/surgically |
| deficiency of mineralcorticoids, glucocorticoids & androgens are seen in | Addison disease |
| Addison disease is believed to be a | dysfunction of immune system; antibodies produced destroying own adrenal tissue |
| Addison disease symptoms include | weakness, fatigue, bronzed pigmentation of skin & mucous membranes |
| bronzed pigmentation of skin/mucous membranes, occuring in Addison disease, caused by | increased levels of MSH & anorexia |
| treatment of Addison disease includes | adrenal hormone replacement & management of underlying cause of illness |
| in pheochromocytoma, chromaffin cells are effected and with chromium salts the | cells stain dark/dusky color |
| signs of pheochromocytoma include | severe headache, palpitations, sweating, nervousness, nausea, vomiting, & persistent/intermittent hypertension |
| surgical excision of the benign vasculat tumor is the usual treatment for | pheochromocytoma |
| symptoms of insulin shock & hypoglycemia include | shakiness, sweating, headache, weakness, and loss of consciousness |
| can result from excessive exercise, too little food or overdose of insulin | insulin shock or severe hypoglycemia |
| insulin shock | hypoglycemic reaction to overdosage of insulin |
| hyperinsulinism may be caused by | insulin-secreting tumor in islets of Langerhans/by exceeding prescribed dose of the hormone |
| administering glucose reverses the condition | hyperinsulinism |
| A deficient supply of insulin in the blood allows for | accumulation of potentially life-threatening amounts of glucose |
| glucose is not properly transported to cells nor is it properly converted within cells as a source of energy when | there are abnormally low levels of insulin |
| High levels of glucose in the bloodstream will | draw water out of cells, causing frequent urination as in diabetes mellitus |
| patients with diabetes mellitus may have increased appetite & food intake due to | glucose being unavailable, cells will seek alternate sources of energy |
| diagnosis of diabetes is confirmed with | fasting blood sugar test & glycoslyated hemoglobin test |
| capable of measuring glucose control over several months | glycosylated hemoglobin test |
| oral glucose tolerance test if used to diagnose | gestational diabetes |
| ketoacids | a carboxylic acid that also contains a carbonyl (CO) group |
| ketoacids are produced because cells are forced | to burn protein & fat instead of glucose |
| buildup of ketoacids | alters the body's metabolic balance |
| diabetic ketoacidosis is a result of | inadequate control of diabetes |
| signs of ketoacidosis include | abdominal pain, nausea, vomitting, & fruity odor of the breath |
| coma and death will result if this is left untreated | ketoacidosis |
| accumulation of fatty materials in the blood vessels, from hyperglycemia, can cause | atherosclerosis, heart attack, and stroke to impaired blood supply to the extremities |
| diabetic nephropathy | kidney disease as result of hyperglycemia |
| diabetic neuropathy | destruction of nerves in the extremities |
| if left untreated hyperglycemia can also cause | diabetic neuropathy & diabetic nephropathy |
| diabetic retinopathy | retinal blood vessel manifestations, including tiny aneurysms and exudation |
| diabetic retinopathy can lead to | vision loss & blindness |
| diabetics are more likely to develop | cataracts & glaucoma |
| plays an important role in both types of diabetes | heriditary |
| in Type1 diabetes little or no insulin is produced because | beta cells of islets of Langerhans have been decreased in number by abnormal autoimmune process |
| usually has its onset during childhood | Type 1 diabetes |
| More than 70% of individuals in whom Type 2 diabetes develops are | obese |
| insulin production is variable; its levels may be decreased, normal, or elevated | Type 2 diabetes |
| Type2 diabetes results from tissue unresponsiveness/resistance to insulin, caused by | hormone receptor defects or too few receptors on surface of target cell membranes |
| gestational diabetes | sometimes develops during pregnancy because of overall hormonal changes at that time |
| gestational diabetes typically resolves after childbirth but may | recur years later as Type 2 diabetes |
| thyroiditis | inflammation of thyroid |
| dystocia | pertaining to pathologic/difficult childbirth |
| endocrinopathy | any disease of endocrine system |
| polyuria | condition of excessive urine |
Created by:
lfrancois
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