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A&P Test 3 muscles
A&P Test 3
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Articulations | Joints (where two bones meet) |
| Joints are characterized by... | How much movement is allowed |
| Synarthroses | Immovable joints |
| Amphiarthrses | Slightly movable joints |
| Diarthroses | -Free movable joints -bones dont touch -Have joint cavities -Completly encolsed by articular capsule (2 layers) - |
| What is the external layer of the articular capsule called? | Fibrous capsule (dense connective tissue that is contionious with periosteum) |
| What is the inner layer of the articular capsule called? | Synovial membrane -made of loose connective tissue |
| Musles DONT PUSH | Muscles only pull! |
| Flexion | -In anterior and posterior planes -bending of a joints so parts get closer |
| Extension | -Back to the anatomical position |
| Abduction | Away from our midline |
| Adduction | Towards the midline |
| Rotation | Turning of a bone along its own long axis (twisting head, hip, shoulder joints) |
| Circumduction | Moving a limb so that it describes a cone in space |
| Supination | Lateral rotation of the radius (thumbs lateral, anatomical position) |
| Pronation | Medial rotation of the radius (thumbs medial) |
| Protraction | Moving part anteriorly |
| Retraction | Bring protracted part back |
| Elevation | Superior movement |
| Depression | Inferior movement |
| Dorsiflexion | Curling foot up |
| Plantar flexion | Pointing the toes down |
| Inversion | Soles of feet face medial |
| Eversion | Soles of feet face lateral |
| What are the two types of fascia? | Superficial and Deep |
| Superficial fascia | -Deep to the skin -made of loose ct -adipose -water |
| Important functions of superficial fascia | -stores water and fat -insulation -protection -pathway for nerves and blood vessels |
| Deep Fascia | -made of dense connective tissue -surrounds organs |
| What are skeletal muscles protected by? | Connective tissue covering |
| Epimysium | CT covering that covers entire muscle |
| Perimysium | Surrounds fassicle |
| Endomysium | Surrounds muscle fibers |
| Tendons | Rope like extensions of epimysium |
| Aponeurosis | Sheet like extensions of epimysium |
| Basic characteristics of muscle tissues | Excitability, conductivity, contractibility, extensibility, elasticity |
| Fuctions of muscle tissues | Movement, stability, heat production |
| Kinds of muscle tissue | Cardiac, smooth, skeletal |
| Origin | -Least moveable part of attachment -most proximal end |
| Belly | -muscle portion |
| Insertion | -more moveable point of attachment -Distal End |
| Sphincter | -circular, surrounds and opening |
| Synergistic | -work together to produce a movement |
| Agonist | Muscle that performs most of the work |
| Antagonist | produce opposite movements |
| Fixators | Sabilize joints |
| extrinsic muscles | originate outside but insert inside |
| Intrinsic | completly inside |
| Naming Muscles | -location -shape -action -number of origins -size -direction of fibers |
| What is the name of an individual muscle cell? | myoFIBER |
| What does the sarcolemma surround? | a group of myofibrils |
| Sarcoplasm | -cytoplasm of a muscle cell -contains large amounts of glycosomes and myoglobin |
| What does the sarcoplasmic reticulum divide? | the sarcoplasm into individual myofibrils |
| Sarcomere extends to which discs? | Z disc to Z disc |
| I Band | Just thin |
| A Band | Thick and thin |
| H zone | In the middle of an A band, only thick |
| M line | In the middle of H zone |
| Thick filaments | Myosin |
| Thin Filaments | Actin |
| Thin filaments contain what other two molecules? | Tropomyosin (long lines that cover holes) and troponin (holds tropomyosin) |
| Sarcoplasmic reticulum encircles what? | Each myofibril |
| Sarcoplasmic reticulum duties: | -Delivers nutrients -Stores Ca ++ in the cisternae |
| What does a triad contain? | 2 cisternae of SR and 1 T tubule |
| Resting Membrane potential is determined by... | Concentration gradients of NA+ and K+, and the membrane permiability of Na+ and K+ |
| Sodium Potassium Pump | 3 Na out 2 K in |
| Treppe | Increase in strength |
| Incomplete tetany | sustained but quivering contraction |
| Isometric contractions | same length |
| Isotonic contraction | same tension |
| If tension is greater then load... | muscle shortens and load moves (isotonic) |
| If load is greater then tension... | muscle is unable to shorten (isometric) |
| SLOW TWITCH | contract slowly tire less quickly small diameter more mitochondria better blood supply more myoglobin dark meat |
| FAST TWITCH | contract quickly tire more easily larger diameter less mitochondria less developed blood supply less myoglobin light meat |
| Effects of Exercise | Hypertrophy - increase in the volume of an organ or tissue due to the enlargement of its component cells. -Increased strength -Increased endurance |
| Flaccid = | no tone |
Created by:
gotmilk954
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