A&P Test 3
Quiz yourself by thinking what should be in
each of the black spaces below before clicking
on it to display the answer.
Help!
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| Articulations | Joints (where two bones meet)
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| Joints are characterized by... | How much movement is allowed
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| Synarthroses | Immovable joints
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| Amphiarthrses | Slightly movable joints
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| Diarthroses | -Free movable joints
-bones dont touch
-Have joint cavities
-Completly encolsed by articular capsule (2 layers)
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| What is the external layer of the articular capsule called? | Fibrous capsule (dense connective tissue that is contionious with periosteum)
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| What is the inner layer of the articular capsule called? | Synovial membrane
-made of loose connective tissue
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| Musles DONT PUSH | Muscles only pull!
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| Flexion | -In anterior and posterior planes
-bending of a joints so parts get closer
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| Extension | -Back to the anatomical position
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| Abduction | Away from our midline
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| Adduction | Towards the midline
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| Rotation | Turning of a bone along its own long axis (twisting head, hip, shoulder joints)
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| Circumduction | Moving a limb so that it describes a cone in space
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| Supination | Lateral rotation of the radius (thumbs lateral, anatomical position)
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| Pronation | Medial rotation of the radius (thumbs medial)
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| Protraction | Moving part anteriorly
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| Retraction | Bring protracted part back
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| Elevation | Superior movement
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| Depression | Inferior movement
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| Dorsiflexion | Curling foot up
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| Plantar flexion | Pointing the toes down
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| Inversion | Soles of feet face medial
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| Eversion | Soles of feet face lateral
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| What are the two types of fascia? | Superficial and Deep
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| Superficial fascia | -Deep to the skin
-made of loose ct
-adipose
-water
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| Important functions of superficial fascia | -stores water and fat
-insulation
-protection
-pathway for nerves and blood vessels
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| Deep Fascia | -made of dense connective tissue
-surrounds organs
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| What are skeletal muscles protected by? | Connective tissue covering
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| Epimysium | CT covering that covers entire muscle
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| Perimysium | Surrounds fassicle
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| Endomysium | Surrounds muscle fibers
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| Tendons | Rope like extensions of epimysium
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| Aponeurosis | Sheet like extensions of epimysium
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| Basic characteristics of muscle tissues | Excitability, conductivity, contractibility, extensibility, elasticity
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| Fuctions of muscle tissues | Movement, stability, heat production
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| Kinds of muscle tissue | Cardiac, smooth, skeletal
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| Origin | -Least moveable part of attachment
-most proximal end
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| Belly | -muscle portion
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| Insertion | -more moveable point of attachment
-Distal End
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| Sphincter | -circular, surrounds and opening
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| Synergistic | -work together to produce a movement
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| Agonist | Muscle that performs most of the work
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| Antagonist | produce opposite movements
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| Fixators | Sabilize joints
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| extrinsic muscles | originate outside but insert inside
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| Intrinsic | completly inside
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| Naming Muscles | -location
-shape
-action
-number of origins
-size
-direction of fibers
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| What is the name of an individual muscle cell? | myoFIBER
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| What does the sarcolemma surround? | a group of myofibrils
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| Sarcoplasm | -cytoplasm of a muscle cell
-contains large amounts of glycosomes and myoglobin
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| What does the sarcoplasmic reticulum divide? | the sarcoplasm into individual myofibrils
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| Sarcomere extends to which discs? | Z disc to Z disc
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| I Band | Just thin
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| A Band | Thick and thin
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| H zone | In the middle of an A band, only thick
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| M line | In the middle of H zone
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| Thick filaments | Myosin
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| Thin Filaments | Actin
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| Thin filaments contain what other two molecules? | Tropomyosin (long lines that cover holes) and troponin (holds tropomyosin)
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| Sarcoplasmic reticulum encircles what? | Each myofibril
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| Sarcoplasmic reticulum duties: | -Delivers nutrients
-Stores Ca ++ in the cisternae
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| What does a triad contain? | 2 cisternae of SR and 1 T tubule
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| Resting Membrane potential is determined by... | Concentration gradients of NA+ and K+, and the membrane permiability of Na+ and K+
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| Sodium Potassium Pump | 3 Na out
2 K in
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| Treppe | Increase in strength
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| Incomplete tetany | sustained but quivering contraction
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| Isometric contractions | same length
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| Isotonic contraction | same tension
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| If tension is greater then load... | muscle shortens and load moves (isotonic)
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| If load is greater then tension... | muscle is unable to shorten (isometric)
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| SLOW TWITCH | contract slowly
tire less quickly
small diameter
more mitochondria
better blood supply
more myoglobin
dark meat
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| FAST TWITCH | contract quickly
tire more easily
larger diameter
less mitochondria
less developed blood
supply
less myoglobin
light meat
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| Effects of Exercise | Hypertrophy - increase in the volume of an organ or tissue due to the enlargement of its component cells.
-Increased strength
-Increased endurance
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| Flaccid = | no tone
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