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A&P Reproductive
Anatomy & Physiology Terms of the Reproductive System
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Sexual reproduction | the process by which male sex cells and female sex cells unite and combine genetic material to create a new organism |
| anatomy of the reproductive system | Gonads, gametes, ducts, male accessory organs/glands, female accessory organs/glands |
| functions of the reproductive system | Produce offspring, hormone production |
| Testes | paired oval glands located within an external sac called the scrotum. Produce sperm and hormones |
| Interstitial cells of Leydig | located within the testes; produce testosterone |
| Seminiferous tubules | located within the testes; produce sperm |
| Spermatic Duct | passageway used to transport mature sperm cells from the epididymis out of the body during ejaculation |
| epididymis | tightly coiled comma-shaped tube that lies behind and on top of each testicle; stores sperm while they wait to be transported out of the body |
| vas deferens | a tube that connects the epididymis to the ejaculatory duct; ascends into the pelvic cavity and then loops over the sides of the urinary bladder |
| ejaculatory duct | short tube that passes through the prostate to join the urethra |
| prostate | donut-shaped gland that lies beneath the urinary bladder and surrounds the urethra; prevents the flow of urine during ejaculation |
| Bulbourethral glands | Cowper glands, are a pea-sized pair of glands located on either side of the prostate, lubricates urethra |
| Seminal vesicles | located at the base of the bladder |
| penis | composed of erectile tissues and contains the urethra that transports semen out of the body during ejaculation |
| scrotum | the divided pouch that contains the testes that hangs down behind the penis. The primary function is temperature regulation to facilitate sperm production and survival (approximately 4° F cooler than normal body temp |
| Semen | thick, milky white substance composed of sperm cells and seminal fluid |
| Sperm | or spermatozoon, are sex cells that carry genetic information from the male that produced them |
| Seminal fluid | mixture of secretions from the prostate, bulbourethral glands, and seminal vesicles, it is a transport medium and source of nutrients for sperm |
| spermatogenesis | Sperm cell production |
| Ovaries | paired almond-shaped glands located in the abdominopelvic cavity lateral to the uterus they produce eggs and hormones |
| Oocyte | immature eggs |
| Ovum | A mature oocyte that has been released by an ovary during ovulation |
| Fallopian Tubes | the paired passageways for ova to travel from the ovaries toward the uterus; the site of fertilization |
| Uterus | hollow pear-shaped organ that receives the fertilized ovum and allows the embryo to grow and develop into a fetus during pregnancy and from which menses flows if pregnancy does not occur |
| endometrium | The inner lining shed each month during menstruation |
| myometrium | the middle muscular layer that during childbirth, contract to push the fetus into the vagina |
| perimetrium | the outer layer of the uterus |
| Fundus of the uterus | the uppermost region |
| Body of the uterus | the hollow cavity |
| Cervix | the lower, narrow region of the uterus that opens into the vagina |
| Vagina | the canal that extends from the cervix to outside the body |
| Zygote | a fertilized ovum |
| vulva | Female external genitalia |
| labia majora | two folds of skin extending from the mons pubis; they are equivalent to the scrotum in males |
| labia minora | two folds of skin inside the labia majora and contain numerous oil glands |
| clitoris | small cylindrical mass of erectile tissue and nerves located at the anterior junction of the labia minora; equivalent to the glans penis in males |
| mons pubis | cushions the symphysis pubis, a mound of fatty tissue that becomes covered with hair during puberty |
| perineum | the region between the vaginal opening and anus. It includes the diamond-shaped external area between thighs and buttocks in both males and females |
| mammary glands | produce and secrete milk after pregnancy |
| areola | The pigmented area around the nipple |
| lactation | Milk production |
| Menstrual Cycle | a series of hormonal events that begins during puberty, occurs approximately every 28 days, and ends during menopause; divided into three phases: the follicular phase (days 1 to 13); ovulation (day 14); and the luteal phase (days 15 to 28) |
| Menstruation | the periodic discharge of the endometrial lining from the nonpregnant uterus |
| Follicular Phase | begins with menstruation and lasts until approximately day 13 (the first day of menstruation is day one of the menstrual cycle) |
| Ovulation | occurs about day 14 in a 28-day cycle. A surge of LH causes rupture of an ovarian follicle and release of the ovum |
| Luteal Phase | the final phase of the menstrual cycle which is between day 15 to day 28. It begins after ovulation and ends when menstruation begins |
| Sexual Intercourse | the process of inserting and thrusting a usually erect male penis into a woman's vagina often ending in orgasm and ejaculation of sperm |
| erection | penis enlarges and stiffens |
| Fertilization | the penetration of the ovum by sperm. This process can occur approximately 24 hours after ovulation |
| Pregnancy | the sequence of events that includes implantation, embryonic development, fetal growth, and ends in birth. The pregnancy period, also called gestation, is approximately 10 lunar months (40 weeks, 9 calendar months, or approximately 266 days |
| First Trimester | the first day of the last period to week 14. This trimester is considered the time of the embryo because this is when most embryonic development occurs |
| placenta | a flattened organ located in the pregnant uterus that nourishes the developing fetus by exchanging nutrients and wastes with the mother |
| fetus | after 8 weeks, the embryo is now called an _________ |
| Second Trimester | week 15 to week 28. The mother begins to “show,” and she should feel the baby move by the end |
| Third Trimester | week 29 to birth, which is around week 40. The fetus grows to about 20 inches in length and between 5 and 9 lb in weight |
| Childbirth | the uterus contracts forcefully during a complex process called labor |
| Childbirth: 1st Stage | This stage is the time from the onset of labor to complete cervical dilation (10 cm or 4 inches). Rupture of the amniotic sac often occurs during this stage. |
| Childbirth: 2nd Stage | This stage is the time from complete cervical dilation, the fetal journey down the vagina, and welcome of the newborn by the parents |
| Childbirth: 3rd Stage | The placenta, or afterbirth, is then expelled by uterine contractions; These contractions also constrict any blood vessels that were torn during delivery to prevent hemorrhage |
| Inheritance | The expression of genetic material |
| gene | A section of DNA on a chromosome that codes for a specific enzyme |
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