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Fisher Global Gr. 10
GLOBAL STUDIES REGENTS REVIEW
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Age of Absolutism (1600's-1700's) | Period in European history when nations were ruled by absolute monarchs. |
| Absolute monarch | King or queen with total control of their nation. |
| Divine Right | Idea that kings and queens got their power to rule from God. |
| Peter the Great | Absolute monarch of Russian. Westernized Russia by imitating customs of Western Europe in order to strengthen nation. |
| Suleiman the Magnificent | Absolute monarch of Ottoman Empire. |
| Louis XIV | Absolute monarch of France. |
| Phillip II | Absolute monarch of Spain. |
| Scientific Revolution (1500's-1600's) | Major change in how people viewed the world. Reason (logic) used to explain how the world worked. |
| Copernicus | Astronomer who developed Heliocentric Theory. |
| Heliocentric Theory | The planets revolve around the sun. |
| Galileo Galilei | Astronomer who proved Heliocentric Theory using telescope. Put on trial by Church for opposing their geocentric teaching. |
| Sir Isaac Newton | Mathematician and astronomer. Developed calculus and theory of gravity. |
| Key effects of Scientific Revolution | Spread of new ideas throughout Europe, challenged traditional authority of Catholic Church, scientists proved many church teachings incorrect. Led to Enlightenment. |
| Enlightenment (1700's) | Period in European history when reason (logic) was used to understand and improve society. Also called Age of Reason. |
| Key ideas of Enlightenment | 1. Society could be improved using reason (logic) and natural law 2. Governments get their power from the people (not God) |
| John Locke | Believed all people have natural rights (life, liberty, property) and can overthrow a government that does not protect those rights. |
| Baron de Montesquieu | Believed power in government should be separated into 3 branches with a system of checks and balances. |
| Voltaire | Believed everyone is entitled to freedom of speech and religion. |
| Rousseau | Believed society is a social contract (all people agree to work for the common good of society). |
| Key effects of Enlightenment | 1. Inspired political revolutions in US, France, and Latin America 2. Enlightened despots in Europe ruled by enlightened ideals. |
| Political | Related to government. |
| Political Revolution | Overthrow of an existing government to create a new one. |
| English Revolution / Glorious Revolution (1689) | English people successfully limited the power of their monarchs. |
| Key Effects of English/Glorious Revolution | England's government becomes a constitutional monarchy. Power of monarch is limited by written laws. |
| Documents that limited the power of English monarchs | The Magna Carta, The Petition of Rights, The English Bill of Rights. |
| The French Revolution (1789-1815) | French people overthrew King Louis XVI and fought for more rights in government. |
| Key causes of the French Revolution | 1.Third Estate angry that they had few rights but paid all taxes 2. Kings abused power 3. The Enlightenment 4. Debt |
| Declaration of the Rights of Man | Document written during French Revolution that gave equal rights to men in France and created a fair tax system. |
| Reign of Terror | Radical Jacobins, led by Robespierre, executed royalty and those believed to be loyal to the king during the French Revolution. |
| Key results of the French Revolution | 1. Louis XVI executed 2. Middle class gainedpower and rights. |
| Napoleon Bonaparte | Ruler of France at end of French Revolution. Expanded territory by conquering other countries. Increased nationalism in France. |
| Fall of Napoleon | Defeated in 1812. Invasion of Russia during winter killed thousands of French soldiers and led to defeat. |
| Latin American Revolutions (1800-1830) | Colonies in Central America, South America, and the Caribbean fought to gain independence from Spain, Portugal, and France. |
| Key causes of the Latin American Revolutions | 1. Colonies being governed by Peninsulares who mistreated Latin American people. Creoles, Mestizos, Natives Americans and Africa slaves wanted more rights. 3. Enlightenment ideas 4. Success of American and French revolutions. |
| Latin American Independence Leaders | Simon Bolivar, Jose de San Martin, Miguel Hidalgo, Toussaint L'Ouverture. All nationalist who worked to free their countries from European control. |
| The Industrial Revolution (1700's-1800's) | Change from producing goods by hand to production by machines in factories. Began in Great Britain because it had natural resources necessary for production (coal, iron, waterways, etc.). |
| Key effects of the Industrial Revolution | Industrialization, urbanization (growth of cities), Formation of labor unions to combat poor working conditions, legislation passes to set minimum wage and child labor laws. |
| Laissez-faire Capitalism / Market Economy | 1. Businesses and factories owned by individuals, not government. 2. Business/economic decisions made by individuals without government interference. 3. Prices should be set by supply and demand. |
| Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels | Wrote "Communist Manifesto" pamphlet 1848 |
| Communist Manifesto | Written by Marx and Engels, criticized capitalism as the exploitation of the working class. Supported worker revolution. |
| Nationalism | Pride, loyalty, and devotion to nation. Supported by a common culture, language, and history. |
| Unification of Italy 1870 | Separate states unified to form nation of Italy. Achieved due to the efforts of nationalists Guiseppe Garibaldi, Guiseppe Mazzini, and Count Camillo di Cavour. |
| Unification of Germany 1871 | Separate states combined to form one united nation. |
| Otto von Bismarck | Leader who used "Blood and Iron" policy to unify German lands. |
| Potato Famine (1845-1850) | About 1 million Irish people died of starvation when potato crop failed. Over 1 million migrated to the U.S. |
| Nationalism in Austria-Hungary and Ottoman Empire | Two large empires that ruled over many diverse ethnic groups. Minority groups wanted independence. Both empires broke up due to nationalist movements among minority groups. |
| Nationalism in Ireland | 1801-Great Britain took over Ireland. Ireland wanted sovereignty . Southern Ireland (mostly Catholic) gained independence. Northern Ireland (mostly Protestant) remains a part of the United Kingdom. |
| Imperialism | aka colonization. A stronger country takes over a weaker country. In the 1800's, many European (western) nations took over lands throughout Africa and Asia. |
| Causes of (reasons for) imperialism | 1. Europeans wanted raw materials/natural resources to make manufactured goods. 2. "White Man's Burden" 3. Social Darwinism. |
| White Man's Burden | Poem by Rudyard Kipling encouraging imperialism and the responsibility of white people to "civilize" the African and Asian people whose land was taken. |
| Social Darwinism | The idea that it was natural for strong countries to take over weaker countries. |
| Imperialism in Asia and Africa (1800's-1914) | European imperialism had negative impact on Asia and Africa. Colonies fought for self-determination. |
| Scramble for Africa | Over 90% of Africa was colonized by European countries as they raced to take over the continent |
| Imperialism in China | Chinese fought British for smuggling in opium. China defeated and carved into Spheres of Influence by European nations |
| Imperialism in India | Ruled by England for almost 200 years |
| Sepoy Mutiny | Failed attempt by India to gain independence from England |
| Boxer Rebellion | Failed attempt by Chinese to gain independence from Western nations that controlled them |
| Commodore Matthew Perry | 1854, US sailed into Japan demanding trade |
| Meiji Restoration in (1868-1912) | Japan modernized, industrialized and westernized. |
| Japanese Imperialism | Japan took over Korea and part of China to get raw materials for industry |
| World War I (1914-1918) | Global military conflict between Allied Powers and Central Powers. |
| Underlying (background) Causes of WWI | MAIN: militarism, alliances, imperialism, nationalism |
| Militarism | Countries in Europe (esp Germany and Britain) building up military and weapons supply in late 1800's |
| Alliances | Groups of nations agree to protect/defend each other in conflict. WWII opposing alliances - Triple Alliance and Triple Entente |
| Imperialism - WWI | European countries compete to take over lands in Africa, Asia, and Balkans. Tensions grow |
| Nationalism - WWI | Ethnic groups in the Balkans want independence from Austria-Hungary |
| Treaty of Versailles | Ended WWI. Germany must: take blame for war, pay $30 billion in reparations, reduce military, give up colonies. |
| Immediate Cause of WWI | Archduke Ferdinand of Austria-Hungary assassinated by Serbian nationalist. Austria-Hungary declares war on Serbia |
| Armenian Massacre | During WWI, Turks in Ottoman Empire commit genocide against Christian Armenians living in the empire |
| Key results of WWI | Austria-Hungary and Ottoman empires broken up to create new nations in Eastern Europe |
| Russian Revolution of 1917 | |
| Causes of the Russian Revolution | |
| Czar Nicholas II | |
| Bolsheviks | |
| Effects of the Russian/Bolshevik Revolution | |
| Kemal Ataturk | |
| Zionism | |
| Indian Nationalism | |
| Mohandas Gandhi | |
| Salt March | |
| Boycott | |
| Totalitarian Dictatorships | |
| Dictatorships after WWI | |
| Censorship | |
| One political party | |
| Propaganda | |
| Totalitarianism under Joseph Stalin | |
| Command Economy | |
| Five-Year Plans | |
| Collectivization | |
| WWII (1939-1945) | |
| Japanese Aggression leading to WWII | |
| Rape of Nanking | |
| Italian Aggression leading to WWII | |
| German Aggression leading to WWII | |
| League of Nations role in WWII | |
| Appeasement | |
| Invasion of Poland | |
| Pearl Harbor | |
| Battle of Stalingrad | |
| D-Day Invasion | |
| Atomic bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki | |
| The Holocaust | |
| Formation of the United Nations | |
| Declaration of Human Rights | |
| Nuremberg Trials | |
| The Cold War (1945-1991) | |
| Satellite Nations | |
| Iron Curtain | |
| Containment | |
| Truman Doctrine | |
| Marshall Plan | |
| Germany Post-WWII | |
| Berlin Wall | |
| Berlin Airlift | |
| NATO (North Atlantic Treaty Organization) | |
| Warsaw Pact | |
| Hungarian Revolution of 1956 | |
| Arms Race | |
| Cuban Missile Crisis | |
| Korea and Vietnam | |
| European Union (EU) | |
| NAFTA (North American Free Trade Agreement) | |
| Interdependence | |
| OPEC (Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries) | |
| Communism in China (1949-present) | |
| Mao Zedong | |
| Great Leap Forward | |
| Cultural Revolution | |
| Deng Xiaoping | |
| Tiananmen Square Massacre (1989) | |
| Current issues in China | |
| Decolonization | |
| Decolonization in India (1948) | |
| India after independence | |
| Decolonization in Africa (1945-1980) | |
| Jomo Kenyatta | |
| Kwame Nkrumah | |
| South Africa after independence | |
| Apartheid | |
| Nelson Mandela | |
| Rwanda after independence | |
| Decolonization in Southeast Asia | |
| Ho Chi Minh | |
| Vietnam after independence | |
| Cambodia after independence | |
| Pol Pot | |
| Nationalist leaders of decolonization | |
| Creation of Israel | |
| Islamic Fundamentalism | |
| Iranian Revolution (1979) | |
| Taliban | |
| Collapse of communism in the Soviet Union (1991) | |
| Mikhail Gorbachev | |
| Perestroika | |
| Glasnost | |
| Boris Yeltsin | |
| Collapse of communism in Germany (1989) | |
| Traditional Economy | |
| Market Economy | |
| Acid Rain | |
| Deforestation | |
| Chernobyl | |
| Greenhouse Effect | |
| Green Revolution | |
| Nuclear Proliferation | |
| Berlin Conference | add this...connect to scramble for africa |
Created by:
fisher_lisa
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