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Mediterranean societ
Greek polis, Roman republic, and Roman Empire
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| During what period was Greece divided into several independent and often warring kingdoms? | 700 BCE |
| What were the Grecian king's armies made up of? | Hoplite soldiers who came from the class of small landowning farmers, merchants, and artisans. |
| What was a growing issue within the kingdoms with the hoplite soldiers? | They were growing increasingly discontent with the power of their kings. |
| What did the frustration of these hoplites cause? | The rise of tyrants in 650 to 500 BCE. |
| What did the tyrants successfully do? | They overthrew many of the kings. |
| What did the tyrants do unsuccessfully? | They were not able to make themselves sole ruler and they were overthrown by hoplites. |
| What did the overthrow of tyrants bring? | The ushering of the period of Greek Polis. |
| During what period was Greece divided into several (often warring) city-states, called Polis? | 600 BCE to 300 BCE |
| What was the form of government in each Polis? | It varied among the Polis. |
| Which famous Polis had a limited democracy? | Athens |
| Which famous Polis had an oligarchy? | Sparta |
| What was also a common form of government in the Polis? | Monarchies |
| Who was the most powerful and influential Greek Polis? | Athens and Sparta. |
| Who made short term political reforms in 594 BCE? | Solon |
| Who brought Athens to the closest it had been to a true democracy from 461 to 429 BCE. | Pericles |
| What percentage of people was ever allowed to participate in government in Athens at its best. | 10% to 15% |
| Who was not allowed to participate in government? | Women, foreign born, and slaves (about 30% of the population) |
| When did Sparta conquer the neighboring region of Messenia? | 725 BCE |
| What did Sparta force the population of Messenia into doing? | Slavery |
| What was the population of Messenian slaves called? | Helots |
| When did the Helots revolt? | 650 BCE |
| What did the Helot revolts lead to? | Sparta becoming a military state |
| What caused the Greeks to establish Polis around the Mediterranean? | Population growth and limited arable land |
| What did the establishment of Polis on the Mediterranean cause? | The spread of Greek culture and political traditions to neighboring people, including the Romans and brought conflicts with neighboring empires like the Persians. |
| When did Greece succumb to invasion by their neighbor to the north? | In 338 BCE |
| Who invaded Greece in 338 BCE? | Macedonia |
| Was the Macedonian culture alike or different than the Greek Culture? | The Macedonian culture was unique to the Greek Culture |
| Why did the Macedonians fancy themselves a part of Greek culture? | They envied Greek achievements |
| When did the Macedonian King lead a combined Greek and Macedonian army to conquer the Persians? | In 334 BCE |
| Which Macedonian King led a combined Greek and Macedonian army to conquer the Persians? | Alexander the Great |
| What resulted from Alexander the Great leading an army to conquer the Persians? | The ushering of a brief period empire heavily influenced by Greek culture. |
| What age was known as the age heavily influenced by Greek culture? | Hellenistic Age |
| Like the Greeks, who also transitioned from a Kingdom to a limited representative government to an empire? | Rome |
| From what time did tradition hold that Rome was ruled by a series of seven kings? | 753 to 507 BCE |
| What was unique about the last Roman king? | He was a tyrant and overthrown by the wealthy landowning class. |
| What did the overthrow of the last Roman king cause? | The ushering of a period of the Roman Republic |
| How long did the Roman Republic last? | 507 BCE to 88 BCE |
| What did Rome enjoy that Greece did not have? | A very hospitable homeland |
| What was so hospitable about Rome? | Long growing seasons, fertile soil, vast forest, and rich iron deposits |
| What was important about these advantages Rome had over Greece? | It helped Rome surpass Greece in some areas of cultural and political development. |
| How many social classes made up the Roman Republic? | Two |
| What were the Social classes? | Wealthy patricians and plebeians who were laborers and owners of small farms. |
| In the early republic who maintained almost complete governmental power through its control over the main branches of government? | The patrician class |
| What were the branches go government in the Republic of Rome? | The Senate, assemblies, and elected consuls. |
| Why was the plebeians right to vote different than the patricians? | It did not hold as much power as the patricians |
| What occurred over time due to the discontent and rebellion among the plebeians? | Reforms were made to give them greater but never equal governmental power |
| Was the republican government effective or ineffective? | Highly effective |
| What allowed Rome the ability to control all of the Italian peninsula? | The effectiveness of the Roman Republic |
| What event led up to the transition of Rome from a republic to an empire. | The war with the neighboring Carthage. |
| How long did the wars with Carthage last? | From 264 to 202 BCE |
| What were wars with Carthage called? | The Punic Wars |
| Service in the Roman army and status was contingent on what? | Landownership |
| How many emerging factors undermined the class of small landowners? | Two |
| What were the facts that undermined the class of small landowners? | First) Extended tours of duty kept men away from their farms Second) Expansion brought a flood of cheap slave labor into the republic. |
| What was bad about the extended tours of duty that kept men away from their farms? | It prevented men from being able to plant and harvest forcing their families to sell the land to wealthy patricians. |
| What was bad expansion bringing in floods of cheap slave labor into the republic? | It made it difficult for soldiers to find work when they returned to civilian life. |
| What also led to urban unrest? | The falling price of grain |
| What decreased the size and strength of the army? | Poor landless Romans no longer qualified for military service. |
| What proved to be difficult with the smaller and weaker army? | The Roman government had a hard time maintaining order |
| What happened to the patrician class while the plebeian class struggled? | Many members of the patrician class accumulated vast personal estates and enormous wealth. |
| What did these conditions do for power hungry opportunists? | They were ideal, because they allowed them to use personal wealth to win the loyalty of Rome's poor. |
| Who built private armies that caused Rome to fall quickly into a series of civil wars? | Julius Caesar |
| How long did the Civil wars Julius inflected last? | From 88 to 31 BCE. |
| What happened to the republic once the civil wars had ended in 31 BCE? | Few elements of the republican form of government survived. |
| Where did the vast majority of governmental power rest with after the republic fell? | The emperor |
| Who was the first emperor? | Caesar Augustus |
| What did the Senate do after the republic fell? | Give advice to emperors |
| What was citizen participation like in the Roman Empire? | Citizen participation was only allowed on the local level |
| The Roman Empire continued to expand and eventually held parts of what continents? | Most of Europe, parts of the Middle East, and North Africa |
| How was the Roman Empire administered? | Through an extensive bureaucracy working through a network of cities linked by paved roads. |
| Cities served as what in the Roman Empire? | As provincial capitals |
| Who ruled in the provincial capitals? | Local governors |
| Who did the local governors have to report too? | The emperor |
| What was Rome's time or prosperity and peace referred to? | Pax Romana |
| How long did Pax Romana last? | 31 BCE to 235 CE |
| What were major achievements during Pax Romana? | Peace, order, prosperity, and elaborate infrastructure including paved roads and aqueducts facilitated trade, cultural exchange, technological development and the arts. |
Created by:
savannahreynolds
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