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Chapter 29
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Nuremberg trials | trials in which an Allied military tribunal tried several dozen Nazi and military officials |
| Cold War | an era of high tension and bitter rivalry between the United States and the Soviet Union in the decades following World War II |
| iron curtain | term coined by Winston Churchill in 1946 to describe an imaginary line dividing Communist countries in the Soviet bloc from countries in western Europe during the Cold War |
| Truman Doctrine | U.S president Truman's pledge to provide economic and military aid to countries threatened by communism |
| Marshall Plan | plan for the economic reconstruction of Europe after World War II |
| containment | the United States policy adopted in the 1940s to stop the spread of communism by providing economic and military countries opposing the Soviet |
| Berlin airlift | a program in which the United States and Britain shipped supplies by air to West Berlin during the Soviet blockade of all routes to the city |
| NATO | North Atlantic Treaty Organization; a defense military alliance of twelve Western nations formed in 1949 |
| Warsaw Pact | a military alliance of the Soviet-dominated countries of Eastern Europe, established in 1955 |
| hydrogen bomb | a nuclear weapon that gets its power from the fusing together of hydrogen atoms |
| deterrance | the development of or maintenance of military power to deter, or prevent, an attack |
| arms race | competition between nations to gain an advantage in weapons |
| Sputnik | the first artificial satellite; launched by the Soviet Union |
| Bay of Pigs invasion | the failed attempt of Cuban exiles backed by the U.S to overthrow the Cuban socialist government of Fidel Castro |
| Cuban missile Crisis | Confrontation between the United States and the Soviet Union over Soviet missiles in Cuba |
| nonaligned nations | nations who refused to ally with either side in the Cold War between the United States and the Soviet Union |
| detente | efforts taken by U.S. president Nixon in the late 1960s and early 1970s to lower Cold War tensions |
| Martin Luther King Jr | American civil rights leader; he was celebrated and charismatic advocate of civil rights for African Americans in the 1950s and 1960s. He was assassinated in 1968 |
| counterculture | a rebellion of teens and young adults against mainstream American culture in the 1960s |
| Solidarity | an independent labor union founded in Soviet-controlled Poland in 1980 |
| Mikhail Gorbachev | Russian politician; he was the last president of the Soviet Union before the country's collapse in 1991 |
| glasnost | "openness"; refers to a new era of media freedom in the Soviet Union under Mikhail Gorbachev in the 1980s |
| perestroika | "restructuring"; restructuring of the corrupt government bureaucracy in the Soviet Union begun by Mikhail Gorbachev |
| Velvet Revolution | a quick, peaceful revolution that swept the Communists from power in Czechoslovakia |
| Boris Yeltsin | Russian politician and president of Russia in the 1990s; he was first popularly elected leader of the country |
| ethnic cleansing | the elimination of an ethnic group from society through killing or forced migration |
| Internet | an electronic system that allows the linking of millions of individual computers around the world |
| Saddam Hussein | President of Iraq from 1979 to 2003; he established a brutal dictatorship, suppressed all dissent, and led Iraq into wars with Iran and Kuwait. |
| Persian Gulf War | war in which U.S.-led forces liberated Kuwait from Iraq |
| al Qaeda | "the base"; Islamist terrorist organization responsible for the September 11 attacks |
| Osama bin Laden | founder of al Qaeda, the terrorist network responsible for the attacks of September 11, 2001, and other attacks |
| Taliban | Islamist group that took control over much of Afghanistan in the late 1990s; were ousted by the United States invasion of 2001 |
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