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Enlightenment & R.
(Willis) Enlightenment & Revolutions
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| This scientist proposed a Heliocentric Universe. | Nicolaus Copernicus |
| This scientist used Tycho Brahe's data to calculate the orbits of the planets. | Johannes Kepler |
| This scientist built a telescope and observed Jupiter's moons, contradicting that the Earth was the center of the universe. | Galileo Galilei |
| Their observations and experimentation led to the scientific method. | Bacon & Descartes |
| This scientist linked science and mathematics and presented the theory of gravity. | Sir Isaac Newton |
| Favored an absolute monarchy and believed a powerful government can ensure social order. | Thomas Hobbes |
| Favored limited government which protected the natural rights of the people. | John Locke |
| Defended the freedom of thought through his writings. | Voltaire |
| Thought of the idea of separation of powers in government. | Montesquieu |
| Wrote the Social Contract which presented the idea that people in their natural state were essential good. | Rousseau |
| Called for equal education and rights for women. | Mary Wollstonecraft |
| Supported laissez faire economics and wrote the Wealth of Nations | Adam Smith |
| The three estates in French society that separated everyone based on social class. | Ancien regime |
| This estate was the clergy. They owned 10% of the land, collected tithes, and paid no taxes. | First Estate |
| This estate represented the nobility. They had the top jobs in government, the army, the courts, and the church. They also paid no taxes. | Second Estate |
| This estate represented 95% of the French population. It included the bourgeoisie, urban workers, and rural peasants. | Third Estate |
| This is the word to represent the working middle-class in France. | Bourgeoisie |
| the amount by which something, especially a sum of money, is too small. | Deficit |
| He was the appointed financial advisor that tried to reduce France's debt. | Jacques Necker |
| A list of grievences. | Cahier |
| When the Third Estate withdrew themeselves from the Estates-General they formed the | National Assembly |
| The pledge the National Assembly took to form a constitution. | Tennis Court Oath |
| This group was the moderates in the French Revoluiton. | National Guard |
| This group was the radicals in the French Revolution that favoured violent actions. | Paris Commune |
| This first constitution in France, issued in 1789, was modled after the American Declaration of Independence. | Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen |
| This group of radicals depanded a republic and an end to the monarchy. | San-culottes |
| This group of radicals gained the upper hand in the Legislative Assembly and declared war on Austria, Prussia, Britian, & other European countires. | Jacobins |
| The right to vote. | Suffrage |
| The National Convention put this king on trial as a traitor to France. | Louis XVI |
| This was created to deal with threats to France. They were given absolute power. | Committee of Public Safety |
| He became the leader of the Committee of Public Safety. | Maximilien Robespierre |
| This government system was created in reaction to the Reign of Terror. It created a constituional monarchy. | Directory |
| He was a military hero who became the ruler of France. | Napoleon Bonaparte |
| This word means a public vote. | Plebiscite |
| The new law code that grated religious toleration, abolished feudalism, and embodied Enlightenment principles. However, it did not allow freedom of press or speech. | Napoleonic Code |
| The major loss of the French fleet against the British. | Battle of Trafalgar |
| This was a blockade that closed European ports to British goods. | Continental System |
| The military tactic of burning crops and buildings during retreat so enemy troops have no food or shelter. | Scorched-Earth Policy |
| The final battle of Napoleon's defeat. | Battle of Waterloo |
| To give up the right to rule. | Abdicate |
| The practice of restoring monarchs to the throne. | Legitimacy |
| Pride in one's country. | Nationalism |
| This French colony was the first nation after the U.S. to gain independence. | Haiti |
| This individual began the Haitian Revolution in 1791. | Toussaint L'Ouverture |
| These individuals in the Spanish colonies were the Spanish-born upper class who held the top government positions. | Peninsulares |
| These individuals in the Spansih colonies were the children of the Peninsulares born in the colonies. | Creoles |
| These individuals in the Spanish colonies were mixed European and Native American descent. | Mestizos |
| These individuals in the Spanish colonies were mixed European and African descent. | Mulattoes |
| This priest called for Mexicans to fight for their independence in September 1810. | Father Miguel Hidalgo |
| He led an uprising to create a republic in Venezuela. He was known as "The Liberator." | Simon Bolivar |
| He fought for independence in Argentina and fought alongside Bolivar. | Jose de San Martin |
| The son of the Portuguese king who made Brazil an independent nation. | Dom Pedro |
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