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Fisher Global Era 1A
Global Era 1 A: Scientific and French Revolutions, Enlightenment
Term | Definition |
---|---|
Scientific Revolution | Change from traditional beliefs to experiment and observation, knowledge based on reason and logic |
Copernicus | Developed heliocentric theory, contradicted Church teachings |
Galileo | Proved heliocentric theory using telescope, accused of heresy |
Isaac Newton | Scientist who developed calculus and theory of gravity |
Effect of the Scientific Revolution | Spread new ideas, challenged church authority, used reason to discover natural laws and improve society |
Key ideas of Enlightenment | Consent of the governed, democracy, natural rights |
John Locke | Believed in Natural rights of all people |
Montesquieu | Believed there should be 3 branches in government and checks and balances |
Voltaire | Supported freedom of speech, separation of church and state |
Adam Smith | Wrote "Wealth of Nations", father of capitalism |
Thomas Hobbes | Wrote "Leviathan", supported absolute government |
Effect of Enlightenment | Inspired political revolutions in US, France, and Latin America |
Enlightened despots | Rulers who supported ideals of Enlightenment (Catherine the Great of Russia, King Charles of Spain and others) |
Nickname for Enlightenment era | Age of Reason |
Causes of French Revolution | Limited rights for most people, social inequality (Three Estates), excessive government spending, success of US Revolution |
Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen | 1789 French document declaring that government power is based on consent of the governed |
Limited monarchy | Monarch shares power with an elected body and abides by a Constitution. aka Constitutional Monarchy |
Jacobins | Radical French revolutionary group who took control of assembly in 1792., declared France a republic |
"Liberty, Fraternity, Equality" | Slogan of the radical Jacobins during French Revolution |
Robespierre | Led the Reign of Terror during French Revolution |
Reign of Terror | Period of violence during French Revolution that resulted in the guillotine execution of King Louis XVI and 40,000 supporters |
French Directory | 5-man group created to lead government during French Revolution; government was weak, economy bad |
Power vacuum | No clear leader in a government |
Napoleon | French general, seized power in a coup d'état, made himself Emperor of France |
Napoleonic Code | New framework of laws in France, created 1804, all people are equal under the law |
French Empire 1804-1812 | Most of Europe conquered by Napoleon, replaced monarchs with his friends and family |
Invasion of Russia | Long cold winter and Scorched Earth policy led to defeat of Napoleon, French king restored to power |
Scorched Earth policy | Russians burned their villages and crops during French invasion to weaken Napoleon's forces |