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chapter 21
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Industrial Revolution | a period of rapid growth in the use of machines in manufacturing and production that began in the mid-1700s |
| Enclosure Movement | a process in Europe from 1700s to the mid-1800s where landowners fenced small fields to create large farms, allowing for more efficient farming methods and increased the food supply |
| Factors of Production | the basic resources for industrialization, such as land, labor, and capital |
| Cottage Industry | a usually small-scale industry carried out on at home by family members using their own equipment |
| Factory | a place where goods are manufactured in mass quantity |
| Industrialization | developing industries for the production of goods |
| Jethro Tull | British inventor; he invented the seed drill |
| Richard Arkwright | English inventor; in 1769 he patented the spinning frame, which spun stronger, thinner, thread |
| James Watt | Scottish inventor; he developed crucial innovations to make the steam engine efficient, fast, and better able to power machinery |
| Robert Fulton | American engineer and inventor; he built the first commercially successful, full-sized steamboat, the Clermont, which led to the development of commercial steamboat ferry services for goods and people |
| Labor Union | an organization representing workers' interests |
| Strike | a work stoppage |
| Mass Production | the system of manufacturing large numbers of identical items |
| Interchangeable Parts | identical machine-made parts that can be substituted for each other in manufacturing |
| Assembly Line | a mass-production process in which a product is moved forward through many work stations where workers perform specific tasks |
| Laissez-faire | a business system where companies are allowed to conduct business without interference by the government |
| Adam Smith | Scottish economist; he became the leading advocate of laissez faire economics and is considered by some to be the "father of modern economics" He wrote the first true text on economics |
| Thomas Malthus | English economist and sociologist; his theory that population growth of food production and that poverty would always exist was used to justify low wags and laws restricting charity to the poor |
| Entrepreneur | a risk taker who starts a new business within the economic system of capitalism |
| Andrew Carnegie | American industrialist and humanitarian; he led the expansion of the U.S steel industry in the late 1800s and early 1900s |
| Socialism | a political and economic system in which society, usually in the form of the government, owns the means of production |
| Karl Marx | German social philosopher and chief theorist of modern socialism and communism |
| Communism | economic and political system in which government owns the means of production and controls economic planning |
| Standard of Living | a measure of the quality of life |
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