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Chapter 20
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Old Order | the political and social system in place in France before the Revolution |
| King Louis XVI | King of France from 1774 to 1792; his unpopular policies helped trigger the French Revolution. Deposed by the National convention, he was executed by the guillotine |
| Marie Antoinette | Queen of France, wife of King Louis XVI; she was queen during the French Revolution and disliked by many French citizens |
| First Estate | in pre-Revolution France, the clergy |
| Second Estate | in pre-Revolution, Frannce, the nobles |
| Third Estate | in pre-Revolution France, the bourgeoisie, artisans, workers, and peasants |
| bourgeoisie | the urban middle class; merchants, professionals, and manufactures |
| Sans-culottes | "without breeches"; a radical group of shopkeepers and wage earners during the French Revolution who wanted a larger voice in government and an end to food storages. |
| Declaration of the Rights of Men and of the Citizen radical | a document that laid out basic principles of the French Revolution- liberty, equality, and fraternity |
| Maximillen Robespierre | Leading figure of the French Revolution; he was known for his intense dedication to the Revolution. He became increasingly radical and led the National Convention during its bloodthirsty time. |
| Guillotine | a device used during the French Revolution for beheading people |
| Counterrevolution | a revolution against a government establishment by a revolution |
| Reign of Terror | a period during the French Revolution in which the Robespierre-led government executed thousands of political figures and ordinary citizens |
| Napoleon Bonaparte | general; Emperor of France; he seized power in a coup d'état in 1799; he led French armies in conquering much of Europe |
| Admiral Horatio Nelson | British admiral; he defeated Napoleons navy in Egypt and again at the Battle of Trafalgar |
| Coup d´état | "stroke of state"; the sudden overthrow of a government by force |
| Plebiscite | the procedure used to submit the constitution of a new government to people for a yes-or-no vote |
| Continental System | the system of commercial blockades of Britain and continental Europe set in place by Napoleon with the intent on destroying the Britain's economy |
| Nationalism | sense of pride and devotion to one's nation |
| Czar Alexander I | Czar of Russia from 1801 to 1825; after the defeat of the Napoleon's army |
| Hundred Days | period that marks the time between Napoleons return to Paris from Elba |
| Duke of Wellington | British solider and statesman; he led the British troops against Napoleon at the Battle of Waterloo |
| Prince Klemens von Mettemich | Austrian statesman and diplomat; he was the Austrian representative at the Congress of Vienna |
| Charles Maurice de Talleyrand | French statesman and diplomat; he was one of the negotiators at the Congress of Vienna |
| Indemnity | Compensation that is paid to a nation for the damage inflicted upon it in a war |
| Reactionary | an extremist who not only opposes change but also wants to undo certain changes |
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