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Ch.20
Term | Definition |
---|---|
Old Order | The political and social system in place in France before the Revolution |
King Louis XVI | King of France from 1774 to 1792; his unpopular policies helped trigger the French Revolution. Deposed by the National Convention, he was executed by Guillotine. |
Marie-Antoinette | Queen of France, wife of King Louis XVI; she was queen during the French Revolution and disliked many French citizens. She was found guilty of treason and guillotine. |
First Estate | In pre-Revolution France, the clergy |
Second Estate | In pre-Revolution France, the nobles |
Third Estate | In pre-Revolution France, the bourgeoisie, artisans, workers, and peasants |
Bourgeoisie | The urban middle class; merchants, professionals, and manufacturers |
Sansculottes | "without breeches"; a radical group of shopkeepers and wage earners during the French Revolution who wanted a larger voice in the government and an end to food shortages. |
Declaration of the rights of Man and of the Citizen | A document that led out the basic principle of the French Revolution- liberty, equality, and fraternity |
Radical | A person with extreme views |
Maximilien Robespierre | Leading figure of the French Revolution; he was known for his intense dedication to the Revolution. he became increasingly radical and led the National Convention during it's most bloodthirsty time. |
Guillotine | A device used during the French Revolution for beheading people. |
Counterrevolution | A revolution against a government established by a revolution |
Reign of Terror | A period during the French Revolution in which the Robespierre-led government executed thousands of political figures and ordinary citizens |
Napoleon Bonaparte | General; Emperor of France; he seized power in a coup d'etat in 1799; he led French armies in conquering much of Europe, placing relatives in positions of power. Defeating at the Battle of Waterloo, he exiled on the island of Elba |
Admiral Horatio Nelson | British Admiral; he defeated Napoleons navy in Egypt and again at the battle of Trafalgar |
Coup d' etat | "stroke of state"; the sudden over through of a government by force |
Plebiscite | The procedures used to submit the constitution of a new government to the people for a yes-or-no vote |
Continental System | The system of commercial blockades of British and continental Europe set in place by Napoleon with the intent of destroying Britain's economy |
Nationalism | Sense of pride and devotion to one's nation |
Czar Alexander I | Czar of Russia from 1801 to 18255; after the defeat of Napoleons army in 1812, he became one of the most powerful leaders in Europe, supporting the suppression of all revolutionary movements in Russia and Europe |
Hundred Days | period that marks the time between Napoleon's return to Paris from Elba (March 20), his final defeat at the Waterloo (June 18), and the restoration of King Louis XVIII (June 28) |
Duke of Wellington | British solder and statesman; he led the British troops against Napoleon at the Battle of Waterloo |
Prince Klemens von Metternich | Austrian statesman and diplomat; he was the Austrian representative at the congress of Vienna |
Charles Maurice de Talleyrand | French statesman and diplomat; he was one of the negotiators at the Congress of Vienna. He represented France on behalf of Louis XVIII |
Indemnity | Compensation that is paid to a nation for the damage inflicted upon it in a war |
Reactionary | An extremist who not only opposes change but also wants to undo certain changes |