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Chapter 16
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Caravel | a sailing vessel that uses square triangular sails to help it sail against the wind |
| Henry the Navigator | Prince of Portugal and patron of exploration; he made no voyages himself but spent his life directing voyages of discovery along the African coast |
| Vasco da Gama | Portuguese navigator; in 1497-1499, he became the first European to sail around Africa and reach India by sea |
| Christopher Columbus | Italian Explorer, sailing for Spain, who reached the Americas in 1492 while searching for a western sea route from Europe to Asia |
| Ferdinand Magellan | Portuguese navigator; his ships were the first to circumnavigate the globe, though he died on the journey |
| Circumnavigate | to proceed completely around |
| Sir Fracis Drake | English admiral; he rounded the tip of South America and explored the west coast. He ended up heading west to return to England, thus becoming the second man to circumnavigate the globe |
| Henry Hudson | English navigator; he sailed for the Dutch East India Company and discovered the Hudson River in present day New York |
| Encomienda | spanish colonial system in which a colonist was given a certain amount of land and a number of Native Americans to work the land in exchange for teaching the Native Americans Christianity |
| Hernan Cortes | Spanish conquistador; from 1519 to 1521, he defeated the Aztec Empire, conquering Mexico for Spain |
| Conquistador | a Spanish solider and explorer who led military expeditions in the Americas and captured land for Spain |
| Montezuma II | Aztec Ruler from 1502 to 1520; he was the emperor of the Aztecs when Cortes and his army conquered the empire. He was taken prisoner and killed during the battle with the Spanish army |
| Francisco Pizarro | Spanish conquistador, conqueror of Peru; founder of Lima, Peru. From 1530 to 1533, he conquered the Inca Empire |
| Atahualpa | Last Inca King; he was taken prisoner by Pizarro and his army after refusing to accept Christianity and surrender his empire to Spain |
| Viceroys | officials who ruled Spain's American empire |
| Bartolome de Las Casas | Spanish missionary and historian |
| Treaty of Tordesillas | the agreement between Spain and Portugal that created an imaginary north-south line dividing their territory in the Americas |
| Colombian Exchange | the transfer of plants, animals, and disease between the Americas and Europe, Asia, and Africa beginning with the voyages of Columbus |
| Mercantilism | an economic system used from about the 1500s to the 1700s that held that a nations power was directly related to its wealth |
| Balance of Trade | the difference in value between what a nation imports and exports over a period of time |
| Subsidies | grants of money |
| Capitalism | economic system in which most businesses are privately owned |
| Joint-stock companies | businesses formed by groups of people who jointly make an investment and share in the profits and losses |
| Plantations | large farms that usually specialized in the growing of one type of crop for a profit |
| Triangular Trade | trading network lasting from the 1600s to the 1800s that carried goods and enslaved people between Europe, the Americas and Africa |
| Middle Passage | the name for voy |
| Olaudah Equiano | African American abolitionist;he was an enslaved African who was eventually freed |
| African Diaspora | the dispersal of people of African descent throughout the Americans and Western Europe due to slave trade |
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