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Med Term Mod_14
Terms & Meanings
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Candida | yeast-like fungus normally present in the mouth, skin, vagina & intestinal tract |
| Thrush | Candida infection of the mouth |
| Cryptoccocus | yeast-like fungus; pathogen found in pigeon droppings, nesting places, air, water & soil |
| retinitis | inflammation of retina at back of the eye |
| Cryptosporidium | parasitic, one-celled organism commonly found in farm animals |
| Histoplasma capsulatum | fungus; pathogen found in bird & bat droppings |
| pneumoccocus jirovecii | one-celled organism responsible for PCP; pathogen found in air, water, and soil; carried by animals |
| Bactrim | trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole |
| Toxoplasma | pathogen causing toxoplasmosis |
| Myobacterium tuberculosis | bacteria causing Tuberculosis (TB) |
| granulocyte colony-stimulating factor | a cytokine that promotes neutophil production |
| granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor | cytokine secreted by macrophages that poromotes growth of myeloid progenitor cells & differentiation to granulocytes |
| highly active antiretroviral therapy | use of combinations of drugs that are effective against AIDS |
| natural killer cell | lymphocyte that recognizes & destroys foreign cells by releasing cytotoxins |
| acquired immunity | formation of antibodies & lymphocytes after exposure to an antigen |
| AIDS | depression/supression of immune system after exposure to HIV |
| adenoids | masses of lymphatic tissue in nasopharnyx |
| allergen | substance capable of causing a specfic hypersensitivity in the body; an antigen |
| antibody | protein produced in bloodstream by lymphocytes in response to a specific antigen |
| antibodies destroy or weaken | antigens |
| autoimmune disease | chronic disabling disease cause by abnormal production of antibodies to normal body tissues |
| axillary node | lymph node under the arm |
| B cell | lymphocyte originating in bone marrow & transforms into a plasma cell to secrete antibodies |
| CD4+ lymphocytes | helper T cells that carry CD4+ protein antigen on their surface |
| cell-mediated immunity | type of immune response involving T cell lymphocytes, which act directly on antigens to destroy them |
| cervical node | lymph node in neck |
| cytokine | protein that aids cells to destroy antigens |
| interleukins & interferons are | cytokines |
| cytotoxic cell | T cell lymphocyte that directly kills foreign cells |
| T8 cell is | a cytotoxic cell |
| denritic cell | type of macrophage that captures antigens & presents them to T cells for destruction |
| helper T cell | lymphocyte that aids B cell lymphocyte in recognizing antigens & stimulating antibody production |
| humoral immunity | immune response in which a B cell lymphocyte transforms into a plasma cell & secretes antibodies |
| hypersensistivity | abnormal condition characterized by an exaggerated response of immune system to an antigen |
| hypersplenism | syndrome of spleen enlargement & destruction of red blood cells |
| immune response | body's capability to resist foreign organisms & toxins that can damage tissue & organs |
| immunoglobulins | react with antigens, transforming them into harmless substances or break them down to be disposed of by phagocytes |
| immunosuppression | blocking/turning off normal immune response |
| immunotherapy | use of immunologic techniques to treat disease |
| inguinal node | lymph node in groin region |
| interferons | anti-viral proteins secreted by lymphocytes |
| interleukins | proteins that stimulate immune system including B & T cell lymphocytes |
| interstitial fluid | fluid that fills spaces between cells |
| lymph | fluid that circulates within lymph vessels & lymph nodes |
| lymph capillaries | tiny lymph vessels that carry lymph through body |
| lymph node | small, stationary, bean-shaped structures that occur in clusters along the path of lymph vessels |
| lymph vessels | carry lymph throughout body |
| lymphadenitis | inflammation of lymph nodes |
| lymphadenopathy | disease of lymph nodes |
| lymphedema | abnormal collection of fluid in tissue spaces caused by obstruction of lymph vessels & backflow of lymph |
| lymphocytes | white blood cells that develop promarily in lymph nodes & spleen; fight against foreign organisms |
| lymphocytopenia | deficiency of lymphocytes |
| lymphocytosis | increased numbers of lymphocytes in bloodstream |
| lymphoid organs | organs containing & derived from lymphatic tissue |
| spleen, thymus gland & lymph nodes are all | lymphoid organs |
| lymphopoiesis | formation of lymphocytes |
| macrophage | large phagocyte found in lymphatic & connective tissues; derived from monocyte |
| mediastinal node | lymph node in mediastinum |
| monoclonal antibody | antibody produced in lab to attack specific antigens |
| plasma cell | B cell lymphocyte that secretes antibodies |
| retrovirus | virus that makes copies of itself using host cell's DNA; reverse of normal replication mechanism in cells |
| HIV is | a retrovirus |
| right lymphatic duct | received lymph from right side of body & empties lymph into a vein in neck |
| spleen | organ in the LUQ, that produces, stores & eliminates blood cells |
| splenectomy | removal of spleen |
| splenomegaly | enlargement of spleen |
| supressor T cell | lymphocyte that inhibits activity of B & T cell lymphocytes |
| T cell | lymphocyte orginating in thymus gland & destroys antigens by direct action or production of cytokines |
| thoracic duct | large lymphatic vessel in upper chest |
| thymectomy | removal of thymus gland |
| thymus gland | lymphoid organ that produces T cell lymphocytes & aids in immune response |
| tonsils | masses of lymphatic tissue on either side of back of mouth |
| toxic | pertaining to a toxin |
| toxins | poison or harmful substance |
| vaccination | introduction of vaccine to produce immunity |
| type of an acquired immunuty | vaccination |
| vaccine | weakened/dead antigen is administered to induce production of antibodies resulting in immunity |
| lymphatic system | complex network of vessels, ducts, nodes, and organs; transports proteins and excess tissue fluid that leak from the capillaries back to the venous blood |
| lymphatic vessels | absorb and transport fat from the small intestine to the general circulation |
| lymph is a | clear, watery liquid that is derived from the fluid surrounding the body's cells flowing through lymphatic vasculature |
| liquid portion of lymph contains | water, salts, sugar, proteins, lipids (fats), and metabolic wastes |
| Lymph also contains | a variety of white blood cells, or leukocytes, and is particularly rich in lymphocytes and monocytes |
| lymphatic vessels begin in | the intercellular spaces of the soft tissues of the body |
| in the intercellular spaces of the soft tissues of the body fluid that has filtered out of blood capillaries flows into | single-layered vessels, or lymph capillaries |
| Networks of ___ are widely distributed throughout the body. | lymph capillaries |
| lymphatic system | complex network of vessels, ducts, nodes, and organs; transports proteins and excess tissue fluid that leak from the capillaries back to the venous blood |
| lymphatic vessels | absorb and transport fat from the small intestine to the general circulation |
| lymph is a | clear, watery liquid that is derived from the fluid surrounding the body's cells flowing through lymphatic vasculature |
| liquid portion of lymph contains | water, salts, sugar, proteins, lipids (fats), and metabolic wastes |
| Lymph also contains | a variety of white blood cells, or leukocytes, and is particularly rich in lymphocytes and monocytes |
| lymphatic vessels begin in | the intercellular spaces of the soft tissues of the body |
| in the intercellular spaces of the soft tissues of the body fluid that has filtered out of blood capillaries flows into | single-layered vessels, or lymph capillaries |
| Networks of ___ are widely distributed throughout the body. | lymph capillaries |
| lymph is similar to | blood plasma |
| lymph is formed from blood plasma during | capillary exchnage |
| lymph eventually returns to the blood as part of the | venous flow |
| lymph does not rely on the ___ to pump it throughout the system | heart |
| lymph flows much ____ than blood | slower |
| lymph moves through vessels according to the | pressure gradient, skeletal muscle action, & repiratory movements |
| lymph also moves through vessels based on contraction of ___ & valves in vessel walls | smooth muscle |
| lymphatic vessels are similar to | veins |
| lymphatic vessels differ from veins because they are | thinner & have more valves inside of them |
| smaller lymphatic vessels merge into larger ones until they merge into the | right & thoracic lymphatic ducts |
| the right & thoracic lymphatic ducts empty into the | right & left subclavian veins |
| when lymph reaches the right & left subclavian veins it will then be added to the blood | flowing to the heart |
| lymph capillaries merge to form larger tubules | called lymph vessels |
| lymph vessels are greater in diameter & have thicker walls | than lymph capillaries |
| lymph from the RUQ drains into | the right lymphatic duct |
| lymph from all areas in the body, with exception to RUQ, empty into | the thoracic duct |
| the lymph from the thoracic duct empties into the left subclavian at the point of | its juncture with the left jugular vein |
| lymph nodes vary | in size |
| lymph nodes act as a ___ removing invading organisms and noxious agents | filter |
| largest clusters of lymph nodes are found in the ____, ___, ___ & ___ regions | cervical; axillary; mediastinal; inguinal |
| lymph nodes are located in ___/___ in the nervous system | clusters; groups |
| what protects each lymph node? | fibrous capsule |
| fibrous capsule is | an outer shell of dense tissue around a lymph node |
| lymph nodules | compact clusters of lymphocytes within the nodes, and form the node's main structure |
| what are the 2 main functions of lymph nodes? | defense & white bell cell formation |
| lymph enters the nodes through what? | several affarent lymph vessels |
| lymph exists the nodes through what? | one efferent lymph vessel |
| once inside the node, lymph passes through nodal spaces called | sinuses |
| lymph sinuses are lined with specialized cells called | macrophages |
| the macrophages function is to | engulf & destroy infectious agents |
| during physical exercise, lymph flow | sunstantially increases, 10 to 15 fold |
| during a 24hr period ____ of lumph are pumped into the bloodstream | 3 liters |
| What serves as the first line of protection against germs that enter the body through the nose and mouth? | palatine tonsils & adenoids |
| the thymus gland lies | in the mediastinum |
| the thymus consists of two lobes that contain | lymphoid cells |
| in early development of the the thymus it learns | tolerance |
| tolerance, learned by the thymus, is defines as | learning to identify & accept the body's antigens |
| autoimmune disease occurs when this fails causing the immune system to attack its own antigens | recognition & tolerance |
| the thymus gland is largest and performs its most important work during | the prenatal & early childhood periods |
| the spleen is the largest of the | lymphatic organs |
| the spleen is shaped like a(n) | oversized lymph node |
| a fibrous capsule also surrounds | the spleen |
| venous sinuses of the spleen are called | red pulp |
| the red pulp of the spleen stores | large numbers of red blood cells |
| the white pulp of the spleen contains | lymphocytes |
| the serves as a valuable resiovior for | blood to be used when needed |
| the spleen filters blood and removes microbes, using | phagocytosis to destroy the microbes it filters |
| nongranular leukocytes complete maturation when the spleen assists with | hematopoiesis |
| the spleen also destroys aging red blood cells and the ___ in the hemoglobin is stored for future use | iron |
| function of the skin & mucous membranes as part of the immune system | generate secretions that help block entry of disease-causing, or pathogenic agents |
| if bacteria passes the immune system's first line of defense it will then call on | the inflammatory response or deploy specially sensitized cells to attack |
| the immune system is performed by lymphoid organs, lymphocytes, macrophages and | antibodies |
| the immune system has specially designed proteins | called antibodies |
| large pathogen-consuming cells found in various locations throughout the body are | called macrophages |
| various locations throughout the body to find macrophages include | brain, liver, blood, lymph nodes & spleen |
| natural immunity | present at birth, its development does not require exposure to an antigen |
| natural immunity results in a(n) ___ ___ ___ against any foreigh organism | non-specific defensive reaction |
| inflammation is characterized by | heat, redness, pain & swelling |
| inflammation helps to | contain infection |
| inflammation helps a return to normal by ____ the arrival of WBCs to the injured site | stimulating |
| the WBCs surround & destroy bacteria, via phagocytosis | neutrophils & macrophages |
| another set of lymphocytes that non-specifically attack tumor & virally infected cells by releasing cytokines | natural killer (NK) cells |
| acquired active immunity | results when presence of disease generates production of antibodies |
| antibodies created by acquired active immunity | provide protection from further infection |
| modified toxin capable of inducing antibody production is called | a vaccination |
| another way to acquire active immunity is through | a bone marrow transplant |
| acquired passive immunity | occurs when preformed antibodies are received to obtain protection from a disease |
| acquired passive immunity antibodies are not | produced internally |
| one example of acquired passive immunity is the transfer of antibodies | across the placental membrane |
| specific immunity | bodies ability to target particular microorganisms by means of a specific immune response |
| specific immunity is provided by | B & T cells |
| B & T cells are located in | the red bone marrow |
| originate from stem cells in the red bone marrow | both B & T cells |
| T cells travel from the red bone marrow | to the thymus, where they mature |
| once matured B & T cells circulate to various lymph organs, but particulary to | the lymph nodes & spleen |
| B cells do not attack ___ directly | pathogens |
| antibody-producing plasma cells are from the family of | immunoglobulins |
| some B cells, in the presence of an antigen, become | antibody-producing plasma cells |
| immunoglobulins were called what by the Greeks? | humors |
| humoral immunity | immunoglobulins carried by the blood & lymph |
| when an antigen is encountered the B cell with that antigen receptor will bind to it & proliferate to become | B memory cells |
| when an antigen is encountered the B cell with that antigen receptor will bind to it & activate to become | plamsa cells |
| plasma cells make antibodies that will ___ to the same antigen | bind |
| step 1 for B cells | recognize a specific antigen |
| step 2 for B cells | some B cells become plasma cells |
| step 3 for B cells | immunoglobulins react with antigens |
| when T cells are presented with foreign antigens, they become ___ & begin to multiply rapidly | sensitized |
| some of the sensitized T cells form | cytotoxic cells |
| participate directly with destruction of antigens | the cytotoxic cells |
| direct action of T cell lymphocytes | destroying foreign substances |
| cell-mediated immunity | immunity mediated by T lymphocytes, either through release of lymphokines or through causing cytotoxicity directly against unwanted substances |
| T cells also release ___ at site of infection to aid with antigen destruction by other cells | cytokines |
| subsets of T cells within a clone are | helper, suppressor, killer & memory T cells |
| helper, suppressor, killer & memory T cells serve a | regulatory function for specific immune mechanisms |
| T cell activity begins when | macrophage identifies an antigen, ingests it & transports it to a T cell sensitized to react with that antigen |
| the activated T cell divides repeatidly into a | clone |
| killer T cells | seek to destroy the antigen |
| helper T cells | stimulate the T & B cells enhancing the immune system |
| suppressor T cells | inhibit/stop immune response when antigen destroyed |
| memory T cells | remember encounter with antigen to respond if antigen present in the future |
| derived from monocytes | dendritic cells |
| dendritic cells are able to stimulate B&T cell response by ___ & presenting antigens to them | binding |
| denritic cells are able to be exposed, in a lab culture, to an antigen and then | infused into a patient |
| this plays a major role in specific immunity | T-cell lymphocytes |
| Hypersensitivity reactions vary in degrees based on | responsivness of host, amount & kind of allergen, route of entrance into body, timing of exposures & site of reaction |
| Anaphylaxis is a | life-threatening hypersensitivity reaction that occurs throughout the body |
| characterized by hypotension, shock, respiratory distress, and edema of the larynx leading to airway obstruction | Anaphylaxis |
Created by:
lfrancois
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