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The Murmurs
Question | Answer |
---|---|
Mitral stenosis | diastolic rumble with opening snap |
Mitral regurgitation (chronic) | holosystolic blowing murmur radiating to axilla |
Mitral valve prolapse | mid-systolic click |
Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) | systolic, brisk upstroke, parasternal lift |
Patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) | continuous, machinery murmur |
Atrial septal defect (ASD) | fixed, split S2 |
Ventricular septal defect (VSD) | systolic, radiates to right |
Aortic regurgitation | water-hammer pulse, decrescendo mid-diastolic |
Aortic stenosis | harsh, systolic murmur that radiates to carotids, “parvus et tardus” |