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A&P Integumentary
Terminology of the Integumentary System
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Epidermis | thin outer region of skin and is composed of epithelial tissue and is relatively avascular |
| Epidermal Cells | keratinocytes, melanocytes, and dendritic cells |
| Keratinocytes | cells that produce keratin, a tough fibrous protein that protects the epidermis |
| Melanocytes | produce melanin or pigment, which contribute to skin color |
| Dendritic cells | branched epidermal cells that trigger immunologic responses; also called Langerhans cells |
| Epidermal Layers | From deepest to superficial, these layers are the stratum basale, stratum spinosum, stratum granulosum, stratum lucidum, and stratum corneum |
| Basale | This is the base layer or deepest epidermal layer. It undergoes continuous cell division and generates all other layers; also called stratum germinativum or growth layer |
| Spinosum | The stratum spinosum, or spiny layer, is a bonding and transitional layer between the stratum granulosum and the stratum basale |
| Granulosum | granular layer, contains keratin granules, marking the beginning of skin drying and sloughing |
| Lucidum | Found only in the thick skin of palms and soles, this clear layer is found between the stratum corneum and stratum granulosum |
| Corneum | horny layer, is the outermost epidermal layer. By the time the epidermal cells reach the surface, they have become completely keratinized |
| Epidermal-dermal junction | Between the epidermis and the dermis, provides support for the epidermis and nutrient exchange between the two regions |
| Dermis | the thicker inner region of skin and is also called the corium, or hide; also known as "true skin" |
| Hypodermis | also known as the subcutaneus layer, consists of loose connective tissue, fat or adipose (described next), receptors, and blood vessels |
| Panniculus adiposus | Adipose tissue in the hypodermis |
| Primary pigments of skin color | Melanin, carotene, abnormal levels of hemoglobin and bilirubin, blood flow, and hormones |
| Albinism | genetic condition in which the individual cannot produce melanin |
| Vitiligo | the partial or total loss of skin pigmentation occurring in patches |
| Hyperemia | Increased blood flow, such as from exercise, blushing, or hot flashes |
| Ischemia | lack of blood flow |
| Pallor | paleness of skin |
| Hair | composed of keratinized filaments arising from pouchlike follicles located in the dermis, main function is to protect the skin and body orifices |
| Arrector Pili | muscles attached to hair follicles |
| Sebaceous glands | oil glands; produce sebum |
| Sudoriferous glands | Sweat glands, produce sweat or perspiration. Their primary functions are to help regulate body temperature and to eliminate wastes |
| Eccrine Glands | help with temperature regulation by evaporative cooling |
| Apocrine Glands | located in the axilla, the anogenital region, and the areola of the breast; open into hair follicles and begin to function during puberty. Contrain scent molecules called pheromones. |
| Ceruminous glands | specialized sudoriferous glands that produce cerumen or earwax |
| Nails | compact keratinized cells that form the thin hard plates found on the distal surfaces of the fingers and toes |
| Touch | the ability to perceive objects or forces through physical contact and is mediated by specialized receptors found in skin; pressure, movement, heat, and cold |
| Meissner corpuscles | tactile corpuscles, detect light pressure and low-frequency vibration; are most numerous in hairless skin, such as fingertips, lips, nipples, and genitals |
| Merkel disks | tactile disks, are very similar to Meissner corpuscles in that they detect light pressure and low-frequency vibrations |
| Krause corpuscles | bulboid corpuscles, detect light pressure, low-frequency vibration, and textural sensations. Found widely distributed in mucous membranes, more so than in the skin |
| Pacinian Corpuscle | AKA lamellar corpuscles, detect deep pressure, vibration, and stretch, and receive proprioceptive information about joint position |
| Ruffini Corpuscle | AKA bulbous corpuscles, detect deep pressure, continuous touch, and stretching of the skin |
| Thermoreceptor | detect changes in temperature and are located beneath the skin |
| Hair root plexus | AKA hair follicle receptor, detects hair movement and may alert us to slight breezes or intrusive insects |
| Dr. Rene A. Spitz | Hungarian psychiatrist; studied touch deprivation. Observed that touch was essential to normal development and even to survival |
| Dr. Wayne Dennis | Conducted research on institutionalized children; observed that marasmus (wasting away) and death rates increase with touch deprivation, lack of physical stimulation, and insufficient learning opportunities |
| Dr. Harry Harlow | conducted experiments at the University of Wisconsin that involved isolation of infant monkeys from their mothers; observed infants preferred comfort of touch over food |
| Dr. Abraham Maslow | renowned psychologist, placed the needs of human beings in sequential order, from the most basic and concrete to the most intricate and abstract |
| Dr. Delores Krieger | observed that hemoglobin levels increased when a healthy person placed his or her hands on or near an ill person for 10 to 15 minutes with good intentions such as to assist in healing |
| Dr. Tiffany Field | professor at the University of Miami School of Medicine, began a research project in 1986 to study the effects of massage on premature infants |
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