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Med Term Chapter 12
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| adenoids | lymphatic tissue in the nasopharynx; pharyngeal tonsils |
| alveolus | air sac in the lung |
| apex of the lung | tip or uppermost portion of the lung. Apex is the tip of a structure. Apical means pertaing to or located at the apex. The apex of the heart is at the bottom of the heart |
| base of the lung | lower portion of the lung; from the greek basis, foundation. Basilar means located at or in the base |
| bronchioles | smallest branches of the bronchi. Terminal bronchioles lead to alveolar ducts |
| bronchus | branch of the trachea that is the passageway into the lung; bronchial tube |
| diaphragm | muscle separating the chest and abdomen. It contracts to pull air into the lungs and relaxes to push air out |
| epiglottis | lid-like piece of cartilage that covers the larynx, preventing food from entering the larynx and trachea during swallowing |
| expiration | breathing out exhalation |
| glottis | slit-like opening to the larynx |
| hilum of the lung | midline region where the bronchi, blood vessels, and nerves enter and exit the lungs. Hilar means pertaining to (at) the hilum |
| inspiration | breathing in (inhalation) |
| larynx | voice box; containing vocal cords |
| lobe | division of a lung |
| mediastinum | region between the lungs in the chest cavity. it contains the trachea, heart lymph nodes, aorta, esophagus, and bronchial tubes |
| nares | nostrils |
| palatine tonsil | one of a pair of almond-shaped masses of lymphatic tissue in the oropharynx |
| paranasal sinus | one of the air cavities in the bones near the nose |
| parietal pleura | outer layer of pleura lying closer to the ribs and chest wall |
| pharynx | Throat; including the nasopharynx, oropharynx, and laryngopharynx |
| pleura | double layered membrane surrounding each lung |
| pleural cavity | space between the folds of the pleura |
| pulmonary parenchyma | essential parts of the lung, responsible for respiration; bronchioles and alveoli |
| respiration | process of moving air into and out of the lungs; breathing |
| trachea | windpipe |
| visceral pleura | inner layer of pleura lying closer to the lung tissue |
| adenoid/o | adenoids |
| alveol/o | alveolus, air sac |
| bronch/o bronchi/o | bronchialbtube, bronchus |
| bronchiol/o | bronchiole, small bronchus |
| capn/o | carbon dioxide |
| coni/o | dust |
| cyan/o | blue |
| epiglott/o | epiglottis |
| laryng/o | larynx, voice box |
| lob/o | lobe of the lung |
| mediastin/o | mediastinum |
| nas/o | nose |
| orth/o | straight, upright |
| ox/o | oxygen |
| pector/o | chest |
| pharyng/o | pharynx, throat |
| phon/o | voice |
| phren/o | diaphragm |
| pleur/o | pleura |
| pneum/o, pneumon/o | air, lung |
| pulmon/o | lung |
| rhin/o | nose |
| sinus/o | sinus, cavity |
| spir/o | breathing |
| tel/o | complete |
| thorac/o | chest |
| tonsill/o | tonsils |
| trache/o | trachea, windpipe |
| -ema | conditition |
| -osmia | smell |
| -pnea | breathing |
| -ptysisis | spitting |
| -sphyxia | pulse |
| -thorax | pleural cavity, chest |
| auscultation | listening to sounds within the body (useful for diagnosing conditions of the lungs, pleura, heart, and abdomen as well as the condition of the fetus during pregnancy) |
| percussion | tapping on a surface to determine the differences in the density of the underlying structure (solid organs-dull sound, air-filled- resonant hollow note, When lungs are filled with fluid pneumonia -dull sound) |
| pleural rub | scratchy sound produced by pleural surfaces rubbing against each other (also called friction rub) occurs when pleura are roughened by inflammation, scarring, or neoplastic cells |
| rales (crackles) | Fine crackling sounds heard on auscultation (during inhalation) when there is fluid in the alveoli. Heard in patients with pneumonia, bronchiectasis or acute bronchitis |
| rhonci | loud rumbling sounds heard on auscultation of bronchi obstructed by sputum |
| sputum | material expelled from the bronchi, lungs, or upper respiratory tract by spitting |
| stridor | strained, high-pitched sound heard on inspiration caused by obstruction in the pharynx or larynx common causes: throat abscess, airway injury, croup, allergic reaction, epiglottitis, and laryngitis |
| wheezes | continuous high-pitched whistling sounds produced during breathing Causes: airway through narrowed or obstructed airway, commonly experienced by patients with asthma or emphysema |
| croup | acute viral infection of infants and children with obstruction of the larynx, accompanied by barking cough and stridor Cause: influenza virus or respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) |
| diphtheria | acute infection of the throat and upper respiratory tract caused by the diphtheria bacterium immunity is developed with the DPT vaccine |
| epistaxis | nosebleed causes: mucous membrane irritation, trauma, vitamin K deficiency, clotting abnormalities, blood-thinning medications or hypertension |
| pertussis | whooping cough; highly contagious bacterial infection of the pharynx, larynx, and trachea caused by bordetela pertusis. Violent sudden attacks of coughing (paroxysmal) that ends in a loud whooping inspiration |
| asthma | chronic bronchial inflammatory disorder with airway obstruction due to bronchial edema and constriction and increased mucus production. Signs and symptoms: dyspnea, wheezing, cough. Triggered by: allergies, exercise, strong odors, cold air, stress, meds |
| bronchiectasis | chronic dilation of a bronchus, usually secondary to infection. Caused: chronic infection, results in loss of elasticity in bronchus Signs: cough, fever, expectoration of foul smelling purulent sputum. |
| chronic bronchitis | Inflammation of bronchi persisting over a long time; type of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Signs: excessive secretion of infected mucus, productive cough, obstruction of respiratory passages. |
| Cystic fibrosis (CF) | inherited disorder of exocrine glands resulting in thick mucinous secretions in the respiratory tract that do not drain normally. genetic disorder. No known cure. Bronchiectasis, airway obs, infection, respiratory failure |
| atelectasis | collapsed lung; incomplete expansion of alveoli |
| emphysema | hyperinflation of air sacs with destruction of alveolar walls. Breakdown of lung parenchyma causes pulmonary pressure to rise and right side of the heart must work harder to pump blood. Cuases cor pulmonale. form of COPD |
| lung cancer | malignant tumor arising from lungs and bronchi. (most frequent fatal malignancy) divided into two general categories non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) and small cell lung cancer (SCLC) |
| Non-small cell lung cancer | 90% of lung cancers 3 types Adenocarcinoma, squamos cell carcinoma, and large cell lung cancer. |
| pneumonconiosis | Abnormal condition caused by dust in the lungs with chronic inflammation, infection, and bronchitis |
| anthracosis | form of pneumonconiosis, caused by coal dust known as black lung disease |
| asbestosis | form of pneumonconiosis caused by asbestos particles which were used in the shipbuilding and construction trades |
| silicosis | form of pneumonconiosis, caused by silica (rocks or glass) also called grinders disease. |
| pneumonia | acute inflammation ad infection of alveoli, which fill with pus or products of the inflammatory reaction |
| pulmonary abscess | large collection of pus (bacterial infection) in the lungs |
| pulmonary edema | fluid in the air sacs and bronchioles. Caused by inability of the heart to pump blood. Blood backs up in the pulmonary vessels and fluid seeps into the alveoli and bronchioles |
| pulmonary embolism | clot or other material lodges in vessels of the lung. Can cause area of necrotic tissue to form-pulmonary infarction causes acute pleuritic chest pain (pain on inspiration), blood in sputum, fever, and respiratory insufficiency. CT angiography diagnosis |
| pulmonary fibrosis | formation of scar tissue in the connective tissue of the lungs |
| sarcoidosis | chronic inflammatory disease in which small nodules develop in lungs, lymph nodes, and other organs |
| Tuberculosis (TB) | infectious disease caused by mycobacterium tuberculosis; lungs usually are involved but any organ in the body may be affected. Rod-shaped bacteria called bacilli |
| mesothelioma | Rare malignant tumor arising in the pleura (usually caused by asbestos exposure) |
| pleural effusion | abnormal accumulation of fluid in the pleural space. Two types: exudates (fluid from tumors and infections) and transudates (fluid from congestive heart failure, pulmonary embolism, or cirrhosis) |
| pleurisy (pleuritis) | inflammation of the pleura |
| pneumothorax | collection of air in the pleural space |
| anthracosis | coal dust accumulates in the lungs |
| asbestosis | asbestos particles accumulate in the lungs |
| bacilli | rod-shaped bacteria |
| chronic obstructive pulmonary disease | chronic condition of persistent obstruction of air flow through bronchial tubes and lungs. caused by smoking, air pollution, chronic infection, and asthma. Chronic Bronchitis "Blue bloaters" emphysema "pink puffers" |
| cor pulmonale | failure of the right side of the heart to pump a sufficient amount of blood to the lungs because of underlying lung disease |
| exudates | fluid, cells, and other substances (pus) that filter from cells or capillaries ooze into lesions or areas of inflammation |
| hydrothorax | collection of fluid in the pleural cavity |
| infiltrate | collection of fluid or other material within the lung, as seen on a chest film, CT scan, or other radiologic image |
| palliative | relieving symptoms, but not curing the disease |
| paroxysmal | pertaining to a sudden occurrence, such as spasm or seizure; oxysm/o means sudden |
| pulmonary infarction | area of necrosis (death of lung tissue) |
| purulent | containing pus |
| silicosis | disease due to silica or glass dust in the lungs; occurs in mining occupations |
| Chest X-Ray (CXR) | radiographic image of the thoracic cavity |
| computed tomography (CT) scan of the chest | computer-generated series of x-ray images show thoracic structures in cross section and other planes. CT pulmonary angiography (CTPA) is the combination of CT scanning and angiography. diagnosis pulmonary embolism |
| MRI of the chest | Magnetic waves create detailed images of the chest in frontal, lateral, and cross-sectional planes. defines mediastinal tumors (such as those seen in hodgkin disease) |
| Positron Emission tomography (PET) scan of the lung | radioactive glucose is injected, and images reveal metabolic activity in the lungs |
| Ventilation-perfusion (V/Q) scan | detection device records radioactivity in the lung after intravenous injection of a radioisotope and inhalation of a small amount of radioactive gas (xenon). tests air flow (V) and blood flow (Q) |
| bronchoscopy | fiberoptic endoscope examination of the bronchial tubes |
| bronchoalveolar lavage (bronchial washing) | fluid is injected and withdrawn |
| Bronchial brushing | brush is inserted through the bronchoscope and is used to scrape off tissue |
| endobronchial ultrasound (EBUS) | performed during bronchoscopy to diagnose and stage lung cancer |
| endotracheal intubation | placement of a tube through the mouth into the pharynx, larynx, and trachea to establish an airway also allows patient to be placed on a ventilator |
| laryngoscopy | visual examination of the voice box |
| lung biopsy | removal of lung tissue followed by microscopic examination |
| mediastinoscopy | endoscopic visual examination of the mediastinum |
| pulmonary function tests (PFTs) | tests that measure the ventilation mechanics of the lungs: airay function, lung volume, and the capacity of the lungs to exchange oxygen and carbon dioxide efficiently |
| Obstructive lung disease | airways are narrowed, which results in resistance to air flow during breathing examples asthma, COPD, bronchiectasis, cystif fibrosis, and bronchiolitis |
| FEV(.1) | forced expiratory volume volume in the first second |
| restrictive lung disease | expansion of the lung is limited by disease that affects the chest wall, pleura, or lung tissue itself. Caused by: pulmonary fibrosis, radiation damage, pneumoconiosis, myasthenia gravis, muscular dystrophy, and diaphragmatic weakness and paralysis |
| Total lung capacity (abr) | TLC |
| Diffusion capacity of the lung for carbon monoxide DL(.)CO | patient breathes a small amount of carbon monoxide and the length of time it takes the gas to enter the bloodstream is measured. |
| thoracentesis | surgical puncture to remove fluid from the pleural space |
| thoracotomy | large surgical incision of the chest |
| thoracoscopy (thorascopy) | visual examination of the chest via small incisions and use of an endoscope |
| tracheostomy | surgical creation of an opening into the trachea through the neck |
| tuberculin test | determines past or present tuberculous infection based on a positive skin reaction |
| Heaf Test and Tine test | tuberculosis tests using purified protein derivative (PPD) applied with multiple punctures of the skin |
| Mantoux Test | Using PPD given by intraepidermal injection |
| tube thoracostomy | A flexible plastic chest tube is passed into the pleural space through an opening in the chest |
| ABGs | arterial blood gases |
| AFB | acid-fast bacillus-the type of organism that causes tuberculosis |
| ARDS | acute respiratory distress syndrome-severe, sudden lung injury caused by acute illness |
| BAL | bronchoalveolar lavage |
| Bronch | bronchoscopy |
| CF | cystic fibrosis |
| COPD | Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease associated with emphysema and asthma |
| CPAP | continuous positive airway pressure |
| CPR | cardiopulmonary resuscitation-CAB circulation, airway, breathing |
| C&S | culture and sensitivity testing (of sputum) |
| CTPA | computed tomography pulmonary angiography |
| CXR | Chest X-Ray |
| DL(.)CO | Diffusion capacity of the lung for carbon monoxide |
| DOE | dyspnea on exertion |
| DPT | diphtheria, pertussis, tetanus |
| FEV(.)1 | forced expiratory volume in 1 second |
| FVC | forced vital capacity (amount of gas that can be forcibly and rapidly exhaled after a full inspiration) |
| ICU | intensive care unit |
| LLL | left lower lobe (of lung) |
| LUL | left upper lobe (of lung) |
| MAC | mycobacterium avium complex. The cause of noncontagious lung infection related to tuberculosis |
| MDI | metered-dose inhaler |
| NSCLC | non-small cell lung cancer |
| OSA | obstructive sleep apnea |
| PACO(.)2 | carbon dioxide partial pressure (measure of amount of carbon dioxide in arterial blood) |
| PaO(.)2 | oxygen partial pressure (a measure of the amount of oxygen in arterial blood) |
| PCP | pneumocystis pneumonia- a type of pneumonia seen in patients with AIDS or other immunosuppression |
| PE | pulmonary embolism |
| PEP | positive expiratory pressure |
| PEEP | Positive-end-expiratory pressure |
| PFTs | pulmonary function tests |
| PND | paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea |
| PPD | purified protein derivative-substance used in TB tests |
| RDS | respiratory distress syndrome-in the newborn infant. marked by dyspnea and cyanosis and related to absence of surfactant also called hyaline membrane disease |
| RLL | Right Lower Lobe (of lung) |
| RML | Right middle lobe (of lung) |
| RSV | respiratory syncytial virus-common cause of bronchiolitis, bronchopneumonia, and the common cold, especially in children |
| RUL | Right upper lobe (of lung) |
| RV | residual volume amount of air remaining in lungs at the end of maximal expiration |
| SABA | short-acting beta agonist |
| SCLC | small cell lung cancer |
| SOB | shortness of breath |
| TB | tuberculosis |
| TLC | total lung capacity-volume of gas in the lungs at the end of maximal inspiration |
| URI | upper repiratory infection |
| V(.)T | tidal volume-amount of air inhaled and exhaled during a normal ventilation |
| VATS | video-assisted thoracic surgery (thoracoscopy) |
| VC | vital capacity-equals inspiratory reserve volume plus expiratory reerve volume plus tidal volume |
| V/Q scan | ventilation-perfusion scan- radioactive test of lung ventilation and blood perfusion throughout the lung capillaries |
Created by:
Joshmay1996
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