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Kinesiology Terms
Location and Movement terminology
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Kinesiology | the study of motion |
| Anatomic position | the person is standing erect, facing forward, with the arms at the sides, the palms facing forward, and the fingers and toes extended |
| Anterior | farther to the front |
| Posterior | farther to the back |
| Ventral | The soft belly surface of a body part; sometimes used for anterior |
| Dorsal | The harder surface of a body part; sometimes used for posterior |
| Medial | Closer to the imaginary midline that divides the body |
| Lateral | Farther from the imaginary midline that divides the body |
| Superior | Above (toward the head) |
| Inferior | Means below (away from the head) |
| Proximal | Closer to the axial body |
| Distal | Farther from the axial body |
| Superficial | Closer to the surface of the body |
| Deep | farther from the surface of the body (i.e., more internal) |
| Radial | May be used in place of lateral for the forearm and hand |
| Ulnar | May be used in place of medial for the forearm and hand |
| Tibial | May be used in place of medial for the leg and foot |
| Fibular | May be used in place of lateral for the leg and foot |
| Palmar | May be used in place of the term anterior for the hand |
| Plantar | The undersurface of the foot that is on the ground |
| Cranial | Toward the head |
| Caudal | Toward the tail |
| Plane | Flat surfaces that cut through and can be used to map three-dimensional space |
| Cardinal Planes | The three cardinal planes are sagittal, frontal, and transverse |
| Sagittal plane | divides the body into left and right portions |
| Frontal plane | divides the body into front and back (anterior and posterior) portions |
| Transverse plane | divides the body into upper and lower (superior and inferior or proximal and distal) portions |
| Oblique plane | Any plane that is not perfectly sagittal, frontal, or transverse |
| Vertical | Movements in the Sagittal & Frontal planes are: |
| Horizontal | Movement in the transverse plane is: |
| Perpendicular | The orientation of an AXIS for movement within a plane is always: |
| Joint Actions | Movement terms that describe cardinal plane motions of a body part |
| Flexion | generally an anterior movement of a body part within the sagittal plane |
| Extension | generally a posterior movement within the sagittal plane |
| Abduction | generally a lateral movement within the frontal plane that is away from the imaginary midline of the body |
| Adduction | a medial movement toward the midline |
| Right lateral flexion | a side-bending movement of the head, neck, and/or trunk toward the right within the frontal plane |
| Left lateral flexion | a side-bending movement of the head, neck, and/or trunk toward the left within the frontal plane |
| Lateral rotation | a movement within the transverse plane in which the anterior surface of the body part moves to face more laterally |
| Medial rotation | moves the anterior surface to face more medially (toward the midline) |
| Right rotation | movement within the transverse plane in which the anterior surface of the body part moves to face more to the right |
| Left rotation | movement within the transverse plane in which the anterior surface of the body part moves to face more to the left |
| Ipsilateral | Rotation to the same side |
| Contralateral | Rotation to the opposite side |
| Elevation | a movement wherein the body part moves superiorly |
| Depression | occurs when the body part moves inferiorly |
| Protraction | a movement wherein the body part moves anteriorly |
| Retraction | a posterior movement of the body part |
| Pronation of the forearm | Results in the posterior surface of the radius facing anteriorly |
| Supination of the forearm | Results in the anterior surface of the radius facing anteriorly |
| Pronation of the foot | Movement of the foot at the subtalar that is made up primarily of eversion |
| Supination of the foot | Movement of the foot at the subtalar that is made up primarily of inversion |
| Inversion | When the plantar surface of the foot faces toward the midline of the body |
| Eversion | When the plantar surface of the foot is turned outward away from the midline of the body |
| Dorsiflexion | When the foot moves superiorly |
| Plantarflexion | When the foot moves inferiorly |
| Opposition | Movement of the thumb when its pad meets the pad of another finger |
| Reposition | Movement of the thumb returning back from opposition |
| Upward Rotation | Movement of the scapula when its glenoid fossa is moved to face more superiorly |
| Downward Rotation | Movement of the scapula when its glenoid fossa is moved to face more inferiorly |
| Horizontal Flexion | Movement of the arm or thigh in which it begins in a horizontal position and then moves toward the midline of the body; AKA horizontal adduction |
| Horizontal Extension | Movement of the arm or thigh in which it begins in a horizontal position and then moves away from the midline of the body, AKA horizontal abduction |
| Circumduction | Not a joint action; it is a sequence of four joint actions performed one after the other in a circular fashion |
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