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Psych development
ch 7 development of human Locomotion
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Why is it important to know what motor development looks like? | Deviance : understand the path way of motor development it acts as an indicator when someone isn’t developing |
| How infants move- difference between spontaneous movement & infantile reflexes | Spontaneous – simulation isn’t necessary : supine kicking – rhythmical and coordinated Infantile reflexes – stimulation needed |
| Primitive reflex | Palmer grasp – closing hand around a stimulus |
| Postural reactions – do they go away? | No |
| Locomotor | -how you move -ex. Creeping, crawling, swimming |
| Why should we be careful when attempting to assess the neurological status of an infant? | Interaction of a lot of different things – individual task and environment. Develop at different rates. |
| Structural reflex | hard wired |
| Functional reflex | results do to us wanting to survive (better breathing in womb) |
| Motor milestones | fundamental motor skill |
| Development of Postural Control and Balance in Infancy | These findings suggest there is a problem in infants being able to effectively couple visual information to motor response needed for balance |
| The First Voluntary Locomotor Efforts | Creeping and Crawling |
| creeping | moving on hands and knees |
| crawling | moving on hands and stomach, in a “combat crawl” |
| Walking is defined by... | a 50% phasing relationship between the legs as well as a period of double support (both feet on ground) then followed by single support |
| First Steps: Characteristics of Early Walking | -Short stride, feet wide, wide base of support -Arms up in high guard (not swinging) at first -then later will drop lower with improved balance |
| What do you need to stand on your own two feet? | strength & balance |
| Rate Limiters in Early Walking | Muscular Strength & Balance |
| Addressing Atypical Walking Development in Down Syndrome | Studies have shown that treadmill intervention is successful in encouraging the emergence of independent walking in infants with Down syndrome |
| Developmental Changes in Walking During Early Childhood | By age 4 years the proficient walking patterns we just demonstrated are developed |
| Developmental Changes in Walking During Older Adulthood | -Changes in walking occur even in younger adults, but this is mostly due to individual factors (e.g., diet, injury, exercise, etc.) -Shorter step length, More toed out, Less ankle extension, Less pelvic rotation, Slower walking speed |
| Rate Limiters in Later Walking | as pain, disease, and fear of falling |
| Characteristics of Early Running | -Limited range of motion in legs (less extension/flexion), thus short stride -Brief flight period -Arms extend at elbows and swing to side (rather than backward), thus not useful in moving body forward |
| Rate Limiters in Early Running | STRENGTH BALANCE |
| Rate Limiters in Later Running | inability to generate force, balance, and opportunity/desire to run |
| Difference in walking and running | running you have a brief flight period |
| Jumping | individuals propel themselves off the ground with one or both feet and then land on both feet |
| how can we tell if someone is a proficient jumper | age, distance or height, form |
| what happens to our jump as we age? | As we age we are able to achieve more complex jumps |
| can you skip the order of jumps needed to learn throughout age? | no, Basic skill development in children is a gradual process of refining skills |
| Characteristics of Early Jumping | -Slight crouch before jumping -Legs not fully extended at liftoff -Legs are tucked during jump (rather than extended) -Favor one leg to jump rather than using both legs -Arms high guard and might “wing” |
| when can children can change their trunk angle at takeoff to make either a vertical or horizontal jump? | age 3 |
| How can you become a proficient jumper? | Practice Work on form and technique -do opposite of negative things Genetics |
| Proficient Jumping | -Get into a preparatory crouch -Take off for a horizontal jump with the heels coming off the ground and with both feet leaving the ground at the same time -Extend the arms backward, then initiate the takeoff |
| In jumping for height, proficient jumpers do the following | -Direct force downward and extend the body throughout flight -Keep the trunk relatively upright throughout the jump -Flex the ankles, knees, and hips on touchdown to allow the force of landing to be absorbed |
| In jumping for distance proficient jumpers do the following | -Direct force down and the trunk appears to tip forward -Flex the knees during flight -Swing the lower legs forward for a two-foot landing -Let the trunk come forward in reaction to the thigh flexing -Flex ankles and knees when the heels touch ground |
| How do we improve our jumping? | Practice, and continuous. Growth in. body. Size. &. Strength |
| Rate Limiters in Jumping | Ability to generate force or power |
| Hopping | Ability to generate force or power |
| Characteristics of Early Hopping | not great arm control, swinging leg is stationary , jumping & landing we want – flexion, in air - extension |
| Proficient Hopping | -The swing leg must lead the hip -The support leg must extend fully -The arms must move in opposition to the legs -The support leg must flex at landing to absorb the force of the landing and to prepare for extension at the next takeoff |
| Developmental Changes in Hopping | -preschool years as the time when children become proficient hoppers (e.g., Gutteridge, 1939) - hopping continues to develop well past the age of 5 |
| Rate Limiter in Hopping | Coordination & Balance |
| Galloping and sliding | occurs when individuals propel themselves with one foot and then land on the other foot |
| Galloping | individual moves forward |
| Sliding | individual moves sideways |
| Skipping | a step and a hop on the same foot, with alternating feet |
| Characteristics of Early Skill Patterns | Children’s early attempts are usually arrhythmic and stiff |
| Proficient Skill Pattern | In contrast, proficient children are rhythmical and relaxed |
| Proficient Skill Patterns | -The arms are no longer needed for balance -In skipping, the arms swing opposition to the legs -The arms for another purpose during galloping and sliding -Knees “give” on landing, flexed while they support the body’s weight, extend at takeoff |
| What is the first of these three bipedal patterns to emerge? | Galloping |
| What is the third of these three bipedal patterns to emerge? | Skipping |
| Developmental Changes in Galloping, Sliding, and Skipping | A beginner uses arms inconsistently, then bilaterally, and finally, a skilled skipper uses them in opposition to their legs |
Created by:
rmart11
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