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URINARY SYSTEM
Fundamentals of Body Structures & Functions
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Urinary System The urinary system consists of (2) fist sized organs called: | kidneys. |
| Consists of means: | contains. |
| The urinary system consists of (contains) two (2) vessels called: | ureters. |
| Vessels are aka: | ducts or tubes. |
| The urinary system consists of (contains) a reservoir for urine called: | urinary bladder. |
| Reservoir means: | storage container. |
| The urinary system consists of a vessel that transports urine from the urinary bladder to the outside world called the: | urethra. |
| Kidneys: The paired kidneys are located in the posterior abdominal cavity called the: | retroperitoneal region aka the flank. |
| Posterior means: | back or behind. |
| The R kidney is slightly lower than the L kidney due to the large area occupied by the: | liver. |
| The liver is located in the abdominal RUQ which stands for: | right upper quadrant. |
| Kidney cells are called: | nephrons. |
| Each kidney contains approximately: | 1 million nephrons (kidney cells). |
| Blood vessels that transport (carry) oxygenated blood from the abdominal aorta to the kidneys are called the: | R renal artery and the L renal artery. |
| The aorta is the body's: | largest artery. |
| Blood vessels that transport deoxygenated blood from the kidneys to the inferior vena cava are called: | R renal vein and L renal vein. |
| The superior + inferior vena cav are the body's: | largest veins. |
| The amount of blood the kidneys filter every minute is approximately: | 1200 mL |
| The outer covering of each kidney is called the: | renal capsule. |
| The outer layer of each kidney is called the: | renal cortex. |
| The middle or inner layer of each kidney is called the: | renal medulla. |
| Fibrous connective tissue that anchors all muscles and all organs is called: | fascia. |
| Anchors means: | binds. |
| The fibrous connective tissue that anchors (binds) each kidney to surrounding structures and the peritoneum is called the: | renal fascia. |
| Peritoneum means: | abdominal wall. |
| Physiologies (functions) of the kidneys include: | 1. Filtering and removing N toxins from the blood called nitrogenous waste. |
| Toxins are: | poisons. |
| Nitrogenous (N) waste (toxins) includes: | a. Urea. b. Uric acid. |
| Nitrogenous (N) waste (toxins) includes: | c. CR which stands for creatinine. |
| Nitrogenous (N) waste (toxins) includes: | d. NH3 which stands for ammonia. |
| N stands for: | nitrogenous (nitrogen) |
| Physiologies of the kidneys include: | 2. Maintaining blood volume (amount) by conserving or eliminating (removing) salts called electrolytes ("lytes") |
| Conserving means | keeping |
| Electrolytes (lytes) include: | a. NA+ which stands for sodium. b. K+ which stands for potassium. |
| Electrolytes (lytes) include | c. CL+ which stands for chloride. d. Ca+ which stands for calcium. |
| Electrolytes (lytes) include: | e. PO4 which stands for phosphate. |
| Calcium (Ca) and phosphate (PO4) are aka | mineral salts. |
| Electrolytes (lytes) include: | f: Mg+ which stands for magnesium. g. SO4 which stands for sulfate. |
| If your kidneys conserve electrolytes, your body will conserve H2O aka | water. |
| Conserve means | keep |
| Electrolytes (lytes) | are known as salts aka (lytes) |
| Excessive amounts of electrolytes (salts) in the blood especially sodium (Na+) can cause the kidneys to keep excessive fluid called: | fluid retention. |
| Fluid retention can cause: | swelling called edema. |
| fluid retention can cause HTN which stands for | hypertension. |
| Hypertension is aka HBP which stands for | high blood pressure. |
| Retention means | keeping |
| Chronic (persistent) hypertension (HTN) aka high blood pressure (HBP) can cause: | a. DM which stands for diabetes mellitus. b. MI which stands for myocardial infarcction aka a heart attack. |
| Chronic (persistent) hypertension (HTN) aka high blood pressure (HBP) can cause | c. CVA which stands for cerebral vascular accident aka a "stroke" |
| RF which stands for | renal failure. |
| The AHA 's recommended daily allowance of sodium (Na+) is | is less than <1500 mg. |
| Physiologies (functions) of the kidneys include: | 3. Maintaining pH balance of the blood by the interaction of carbonic acid (H2CO3) and bicarbonate (HCO3). |
| pH refers to | acidity and alkalinity |
| Physiologies of the kidneys include: | 4. Secretion (production and discharge) of an enzyme to regulate (control) blood pressure (BP) called renin. |
| Enzymes are | chemial catalysts (cause reactions). |
| Physiologies of the kidneys include: | 5. Secretion of the hormone erythropoietin (EPO) which stimulates (cause) erythrocyte (RBC) formation. |
| Physiologies of the kidneys include: | 6. Conversion (changing) of Vitamin D into its active form called calcitrol. |
| Calcitrol is necessary for absorption of | calcium (Ca+). |
| Ureters: Ureters are vessels that transport (carry) urine from the kidneys to | the urinary bladder. |
| Vessels are aka | ducts or tubes. |
| Each ureter connects to a kidney at a | renal pelvis. |
| ureters are vessels that transport urine from the | kidneys to the urinary bladder. |
| The urinary bladder is a | reservoir (storage container) for urine. |
| Each renal pelvis consists of (contains) funnel shaped structures called: | calyces (calyx). |
| Renal pelves are where the | ureters connect to the kidneys. |
| Ureters are vessels that | transport urine from the kidneys to the urinary bladder. |
| Urine is transported from each renal pelvis to the urinary bladder by | wave like muscular contractions called peristalsis. |
| Renal pelves are where the | ureters connect to the kidneys. |
| The urinary bladder is a | reservoir (storage container) for urine. |
| The opening of the urethra to the outside world is called the | urethral os or urethral orifice or urethral meatus. |
| The length of the female urethra is approximately | 1.5 inches. |
| The female urethral meatus (opening) is located between the | clitoris and the vaginal orifice (os). |
| The length of the male urethra is approximately | eight inches. |
| The male urethral os (opening) is located at | the distal portion of the enlarged tip of the penis called the glans penis. |
| The male urethral os (opening) is located at | the distal portion of the enlarged tip of the penis called the glans penis. |
| The male urethra transports | 1. Urine. |
| The male urethra transports: | 2. Spermatozoa (sperm) |
| The male urethra transports: | 3. Semen |
| Semen is the liquid that: | mixes with the spermatozoa (sperm). |
| The reproductive and urinary systems are referred to as the GU system which stands for | genitourinary system |
| URINARY BLADDER: The urinary bladder is a hollow muscular organ located posterior to (behind) the interpubic joint of the pelvis called: | pubic symphisis |
| The average capacity of the urinary bladder is: | 700-800 mL |
| Capacity means | maximum amount. |
| The urinary bladder is a: | reservoir (storage container) for urine. |
| Stretch receptors (nerves) in the septa of the urinary bladder will transmit (send) nerve impulses (messages) to the brain when the urine level reaches 7-13 ounces equivalent (equal) to: | 7-13 ounces (oz) equivalent (equal to) 200-400 mL. |
| Septa are | walls. |
| After receiving nerve impulses (messages) from the stretch receptors in the urinary bladder septa (walls), the brain will initiate (start) the process of: | evacuating (emptying) the urinary bladder called urination aka micturition (micturate) or voiding (void). |
| Urine remaining in the urinary bladder after voiding is abbreviated PVR which stands for | post-void residual. |
| URINE: Urine is the liquid waste secreted by the: | kidneys |
| Secreted means: | produced and discharged (released). |
| Nitrogenous (N) waste (toxins) includes: | a. Urea |
| Nitrogenous (N) waste (toxins) includes: | b. Uric acid. |
| Nitrogenous (N) waste (toxins) includes: | c. CR which stands for creatinine. |
| Nitrogenous (N) waste (toxins) includes: | d. NH3 which stands for ammonia. |
| N stands for: | nitrogenous (nitrogen) |
| Electrolytes (lytes) include: | a. Na+ which stansd for sodium. |
| Electrolytes (lytes) include: | b. K+ which stands for potassium. |
| Electrolytes (lytes) include: | c. Cl+ which stands for chloride. |
| Electrolytes (lytes) include: | d. Ca+ which stands for calcium. |
| Electrolytes (lytes) include: | e. PO4 which stands for phosphate. |
| Electrolytes (lytes) include: | f. Mg+ which stands for magnesium. |
| Electrolytes (lytes) include: | g. SO4 which stands forsulfate. |
| The process of evacuating (emptying) the urinary bladder is called: | urination |
| Urination is aka | micturition (micturate) or voiding (void). |
| The urinary bladder is a: | reservoir (storage container) for urine. |
| The color of normal urine is: | clear or yellow. |
| Normal urine should not contain: | antigens which are pathogens. |
| Pathogens are: | disease creators. |
| A routine urine test is abbreviated UA which stands for: | urinalysis. |
| Urine is: | the liquid waste secreted (produced and discharged) by the kidneys. |
| The normal hourly secretion (production and discharge) of urine is: | 56 mL or approximately 56 mL or approx. two ounces. |
| Sphincters that control the flow of urine are called: | internal urinary sphincter and external urinary sphincter. |
| A sphincter is a: | ring of muscles that opens and closes. |
| The inability to control the urinary sphincters is called: | enuresis or urinary incontinence. |
| Hematuria means: | Blood in the urine. |
| Hematuria is a sign (Sx) of: | trauma (injury) or infection or neoplasm (CA). |
| Pyuria means: | pus in the urine. |
| Pus primarily consists of (contains): | necrotic leukocyte (WBCs). |
| Pyuria is a sign (Sx) of: | infection. |
| Bacteriuria means: | bacteria in the urine. |
| Bacteriuria is a sign of a UTI which stands for: | urinary tract infection. |
| Glycosuria means: | sugar (glucose) in the urine. |
| Glycosuria means | sugar (glucose) in the urine. |
| Glycosuria is a sign of: | DM which stands for diabetes mellitus. |
| Ketonuria (acetonuria) is a byproduct of: | fat metabolism. |
| Ketonuria (acetonuria) is a sign (Sx) of: | DM which stands for diabetes mellitus. |
| Albuminuria (proteinuria) means: | albumin (blood protein) in the urine. |
| Albuminuria (proteinuria) is a sign (Sx) of PIH which means: | pregnancy induced hypertension aka high blood pressure. |
| Oliguria means: | scanty (deficient) urine (production). |
| Anuria means: | no urine (production) |
| Dysuria means: | dificult or painful urination. |
| Nocturia means: | chronic (persistent) night urination. |
| Polyuria means: | excessive urine (production) |
| The urge (need) to void frequently is called: | urinary frequency. |
| An unusual sudden urge (need) to void is called: | urinary urgency. |
| An involuntary (no control) delay in initiating (starting) micturition is called: | urinary hesitancy |
| An accumulation of urine in the urinary bladder due to the inability to urinate is called: | urinary retention. |
| Involuntary (no control) urination when laughing or coughing is called: | stress incontinence. |
| Involuntary (no control) urination from urinary bladder spasms is abbreviated (OAB) which stands for: | overactive bladder aka urge incontinence. |
| Spasms are: | involuntary muscle contractions. |
| RENAL (KIDNEY) FUNCTION TESTS: Blood tests to detect nitrogenous (N) waste (toxins) include: | 1. BUN which stands for blood, urea, nitrogen. |
| Blood tests to detect nitrogenous (N) waste (toxins) include: | 2. Cc which stands for creatinine clearance. |
| Blood tests to detect nitrogenous (N) waste (toxins) include: | 3. Cystatin C aka Cys C. |
| Blood tests to detect nitrogenous (N) waste (toxins) include: | 4. GFR which stands for glomerular filtration rate. |
| An x-ray of the renal pelves after intravenous (IV) injection of a radiopaque (contrast) dye is abbreviated IVP which stands for: | intravenous pyelogram |
| Intravenous pyelogram (IVP) is aka as an IVU which stands for: | intravenous urogram. |
| RENAL (KIDNEY) FAILURE: Renal failure (RF) occurs (happens) when the kidneys are: | unable to remove excessive nitrogenous waste and electrolyte (salts) |
| Azotemia means: | blood condition of excessive nitrogenous (N) waste aka uremia |
| Artificial removal of excessive nitrogenous (N) waste and electrolytes (salts) is called: | dialysis |
| Artificial removal of excessive nitrogenous (N) waste and electrolytes (salts) from the blood is abbreviated HD which stands for | hemodialysis. |
| Hemodialysis (HD) is commonly performed: | three (3) times a week for about four(4) hours per treatment (Tx). |
| Hemodialysis (HD) clients are commonly administered (given): | Procrit or EPOGEN aka erythropoietin (EPO). |
| Artificial removal of excessive nitrogenous (N) waste and electrolytes (salts) from capillaries in the abdominal cavity is abbreviated CAPD which stands for: | continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis. |
| Continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD) is commonly performed | four times a day for about thirty minutes per treatment. |
| Dialysis means: | artificial removal of excessive nitrogenous (N) waste and electrolytes (salts). |
Created by:
bterrelonge
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