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P&P ch. 14
Clinical Massage and Sports Massage
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Clinical massage | the use of techniques for pain management and physical rehabilitation |
| Pain | unpleasant sensory and emotional experience associated with actual or potential tissue damage; aka Nociception |
| specificity theory of pain | pain is a specific sensation transmitted by specific nerves to the brain |
| gate control theory of pain | Proposed by Melzack and Wall; pain can be reduced by non-nociceptive stimuli, such as pressure and heat/cold, because it travels to the dorsal horn of the spinal cord faster than nociceptive stimuli |
| neuromatrix theory of pain | Expansion of gate control theory; pain is a response or output determined by how the brain interprets incoming information or input |
| Possible Reactions to "input" from sensory information | (1) motor reactions like voluntary/ involuntary movements; (2) secretions of hormones/neurotransmitters; (3) autonomic responses, such as fight or flight; (4) stimulation of immune responses including inflammation; (5) emotional expressions; and (6) pain |
| Neuroplasticity | the ability of neurons to change their structure, function, and chemical profile and to form new neural pathways throughout life |
| Pain tolerance | the maximum amount of pain an individual will tolerate or endure before outwardly responding to it |
| Pain threshold | the point at which a stimulus is perceived as painful; Pain thresholds can decrease when an individual is fatigued, angry, anxious, or sleep deprived. Poor health, deficient self-care skills, or preexisting disease can also decrease pain threshold |
| Perceptual dominance | a decrease in pain perception in one or more areas of the body because of a dominating pain perception in another |
| Central sensitization | an increase in pain or pain hypersensitivity |
| Nociceptive pain | pain that originates from injuries and resultant tissue damage |
| Neuropathic pain | pain that originates from damage to the nervous system itself |
| Acute | sudden pain usually associated with injury and trauma |
| Subacute | may follow acute pain and occur when signs of inflammation, such as swelling, heat, and redness, have subsided but the person is still experiencing pain and impaired movement |
| Chronic | pain that persists longer than 3 months and is often difficult or impossible to determine when the pain started or its cause |
| muscle spasm | an involuntary muscle contraction from excess sensory input |
| pain-spasm-pain cycle | self-perpetuating cycle where sensory input can increase the amplitude of motor output and further sustain muscle spasms |
| Pain management | process of providing care that seeks to alleviate or reduce pain |
| Physical rehabilitation | the process used after surgeries, injuries, or illnesses that helps individuals restore function and regain as much self-sufficiency as possible |
| Maximum medical improvement (MMI) | the point in the rehabilitative process when the client's condition is unlikely to improve and no further recovery is expected; it occurs when treatment reaches a plateau |
| Medically stable | occurs when vital signs such as pulse, temperature, and blood pressure are within normal limits; the client is conscious and comfortable; and prognosis is good to excellent |
| assessment | an evaluation of something that helps form professional judgments; Types of assessments; health, palpatory, range-of-motion, postural, and gait assessments |
| Compensatory patterns | methods individuals use to correct imbalances and reduce discomfort (e.g., physical or psychosocial). May be conscious or unconscious |
| posture | The position of the body over a base of support |
| static | The most common postural assessment method, the therapist measures and records the client's posture as he or she stands erect |
| line of gravity | a vertical line that extends from the center of an object to its base of support |
| Gait | the manner in which a person moves on foot; includes common movements, such as walking or running, and also special ones such as skipping, galloping, jogging, and hopping |
| gait cycle | the time interval between the same repetitive events of each lower limb that occur during walking; divided into stance and swing phases |
| Stance phase | the foot is in contact with the ground, accounts for approximately 60% of a single gait cycle |
| Swing Phase | the foot is moving forward and usually not in contact with the ground, accounts for approximately 40% of a single gait cycle |
| Compression | a non-gliding massage technique; Two types are sustained and rhythmic using your finger, thumb, knuckle, palm, fist, forearm, or elbow |
| Pin and glide | uses slow, deep gliding pressure of one hand while the other hand anchors tissues where the glide began |
| Skin stretching | a technique that slowly stretches the skin in one or several directions. Use light to moderate pressure; just enough to sustain the stretch |
| Torquing | applied shearing force, involves grasping the skin with both hands and rotating these tissues around the bone's axis; pressre is maintained for approx. 90 seconds |
| Skin rolling | involves lifting and compressing skin and hypodermis. Tissue can be rolled between the fingers and thumb (see Figure 8-19) or lifted and maintained for a brief period of time; firgers can move oppositely creating an "s" curve as well |
| thixotropy | the ability to change from one state to the other like a gel to liquid |
| Trigger points | palpable nodules or thickened areas found in taut bands within muscles |
| referred pain | pain and associated sensations that occur other than at the targeted spot of applied pressure, or radiate out from that spot |
| Myofascial trigger points | trigger points located in skeletal muscles and their related fascia |
| Paresthesia | a collective term used to describe sensations of tingling, prickling, burning, pins-and-needles, itching, and numbness, in addition to pain |
| Local twitch response | a phenomenon causing the affected muscle to twitch spontaneously when the trigger point is provoked |
| Jump sign | spontaneous reaction of pain or discomfort that causes a client to wince, jump, or verbalize when the trigger point is provoked |
| Active | trigger points that cause referred sensations that are familiar to the person experiencing them. These sensations occur when the person is at rest and the point is not provoked |
| Latent | trigger point that refers sensations when provoked but the person is unfamiliar with the referral pattern or will report that the pattern has not been felt for a while |
| TART | Tissue changes, Asymmetry, Range-of-motion alterations, and Tenderness |
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