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A&P Respiratory
Terminology of the Respiratory System
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Respiratory tract | the passageway for air from the nose to the alveoli in the lungs and back |
| Upper respiratory tract | The portion of the respiratory tract that incudes the nasal cavaty, the pharynx, and the larynx |
| Lower respiratory tract | The portion of the respiratory tract that includes the trachea, all divisions of the bronchi, and the lungs |
| Nasal cavaty | the hollow space separated by a septum into left and right halves. It begins with the nostrils of the nose; also known as the "air-conditioning chambers" |
| conchae | Three ridged projections on the lateral walls of the nasal cavity |
| Anterior nares | The nostrils of the nose |
| Posterior nares | funnel shaped opening that allows air passage from the nasal cavity to the pharynx |
| Paranasal sinuses | air-filled cavities that open into the nasal cavity; lighten the skull and act as resonance chambers for sound |
| Pharynx | Also known as the throat, a muscular tube that extends from the nasal cavity to the larynx |
| Larynx | Also known as the voice box, connects the pharynx to the trachea and is primarily segmented cartilaginous tissue connected to muscles, ligaments, and the hyoid bone |
| Glottis | Located within the larynx and contains the vocal cord or folds |
| Epiglottis | A flap of tissue that helps move food and water into the esophagus during swallowing |
| Trachea | Also known as the windpipe, it connects the larynx with the bonchi and is located anterior to the esophagus |
| Bronchi | passageways leading from the trachea to each lung; the right side is wider andhas a steeper downward angle than the left |
| Bronchioles | Small branches of the bronchi that lead to alveolar ducts and eventually to alveoli |
| Alveoli | Air sacks within the lungs that are coated with a fluid containing surfactants |
| Lungs | The primary organ of respiration separated into left and right and each further separated into lobes (2 on the left, 3 on the right) |
| Breathing | the process of taking in air and expelling it from the lungs; also known as the respiratory cycle |
| Diaphragm | The main muscle of respiration; Movements facilitate breathing by changing the size of the thoracic cavity |
| Hyperpnea | Fast breathing |
| Tachypnea | Rapid, but shallow breathing |
| Bradypnea | Slow breathing |
| Dyspnea | Labored or difficult breathing |
| Apnea | Absence of normal, spontaneous breathing |
| Inhalation | Also known as inspiration, this is the process of taking air into the lungs |
| Compliance | The ease with which the thorax and lungs are able to stretch during inhalation |
| Elastic recoil | The tendency of the thorax and lungs to return to their pre-inhalation size |
| Exhalation | Also known as expiration, this is the process of expelling air from the lungs. |
| Respiration | the process used to supply body cells with oxygen and to dispose of carbon dioxide. |
| External respiration | gas exchange between the air in the alveoli and the blood in capillaries; also called pulmonary respiration |
| Internal respiration | gas exchange between blood in the capillaries and body cells and tissues |
| Sneeze | forceful expulsion of air through the nose and mouth to clear the upper respiratory passageways |
| Cough | sudden expulsion of air to clear the lower respiratory passageways of irritants or particles |
| Hiccough | intermittent involuntary contractions of the diaphragm followed by a spasmodic closure of the vocal cords |
| Yawn | very deep inhalation initiated by opening the mouth wide. Some researchers believe is triggered by the need to increase the oxygen content and decrease carbon dioxide in the blood |
| Function of the Respiratory System | Distribute air and exchange gas (external, internal and cellular respiration) |
| Anatomy of the Respiratory System | Nose, Pharynx, Larynx, Trachea, Bronchi, Alveoli, Lungs |
| Tidal volume | One inspiration and expiration are, 0.5L |
| Vital capacity | deep inspiration and maximum expiration, 4.8L |
| Respiratory rate | breaths per minute; at rest 16-20 bpm, increasing with exercise, low oxygen, smoking, disease |
| Benefits of Massage on the Respiratory System | Adis in relaxation and deep breaths, tapotement to dorsal thoracic for respiratory congestion, slows respiratory rate |
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