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Med Term Mod 12
Diagnostic & Pathological Terms & Meanings
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| listening to sounds within the body | ausciltation |
| ausciltation | procedure used for diagnosing conditions of lungs, pleura, heart & abdomen, as well as condiiton of fetus during pregnancy |
| percussion over a solid organ produces a ____ sound | dull |
| percussion over a hollow organ produces a ____ sound | resonant |
| resonant | hollow note |
| resonance is replaced by dulness, during purcussion, when | lungs/pleural cavity are filled with fluid, making them more dense |
| when the pleura are thickened by inflammation, scarring or neoplastic cells it casues | a pleural rub |
| a pleural rub is heard | by auscultation |
| a pleural rub can be felt by | placing the fingers on the chest wall |
| when there is fluid on the alveoli, a fine crackling sound can be heard during inspiration | on auscultation |
| indicates chest congestion & inflammation in larger bronchial tubes | rhonchus/rhonchi |
| often green or brown sputum, resulting from infection or asthma | purulent |
| blood-tinged sputum is suggestive of | TB or malignancy |
| growing sputum in a nutrient medium to detect presence of a pathogen | sputum culture |
| culture & sensitivity (C&S) | studies indetify the sputum pathogen & determine which antibiotic will be effective in destroying/reducing its growth |
| strained, high-pitched, relatively loud sound made on inspiration | stridor |
| usually caused by tightening on bronchi in patients with asthma | wheeze |
| croup | the most common causative agents of this acute viral infection are flu viruses & respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) |
| respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) | common cause of bronchiolitis, bronchopneumonia, & common cold, especially in children |
| in tissue culture, forms syncytia or giant cells, so that cytoplasm flows together | RSV |
| corynebacterium is | diptheria bacterium |
| when a patient has diptheria | inflammation occurs, and a leathery, opaque membrane forms in pahrynx & respiratory tract |
| to protect against diptheria | immunizations given to children between 6-8 weeks containing weakened antigens to produce antibodies against this bacteria |
| combination of vaccines, to include pertussis, diptheria, & tetanus | DPT |
| Greek word meaning dropping | epistaxis |
| commonly results from irritation of nasal mucous membranes, trauma, Vitamin K deficiency, clotting abnormalities, or hypertension | nosebloods |
| highly contagious bacterial infection caused by Bordetella pertussis | whooping cough |
| pertussis | characterized by paroxysmal coughing that ends in loud inspiration |
| asthma | associated signs/symptoms include dyspnea, wheezing, & cough |
| triggers to asthmatic attacks include | exercise, strong odors, cold air, stress, allergens & medications |
| include inhaled anti-inflammatory agent, bronchodialtors & trigger avoidance | treatments for asthma |
| long-term control anti-inflammatory agents for treatment of asthma | glucocorticoids |
| quick-relief control anti-inflammatory agents for treatment of asthma | albuterol & theophylline |
| respiratory disorder characterized by chronic, abnormal dilation of the bronchi | bronchiectasis |
| treatments for bronchiectasis | are pallative & include antibiotics, mucolytics, bronchodialtors, respiratory therapy & surgical resection |
| etiologic factors: cigarette smoking & infection; signs/symptoms: excessive secretion of mucus, productive cough & obstructive respiratory passageway | chronic bronchitis |
| chronic bronchitis & emphysema are | airway obstruction associated with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) |
| exocrine glands effected are pancreas, sweat glands, & epithelium of respiratory tract | cystic fibrosis |
| chronic airway obstruction, infection, bronchiectasis, & respiratory failure are all | results of cystic fibrosis |
| the ___ responsible for systic fibrosis in known, and those carriers can be identified | gene |
| lung transplantation can extend life & restore lung function; there is no known cure for | those with cystic fibrosis |
| condition characterized by incomplete expansion/collapse of the alveoli | atelectasis |
| acute atelectasis requires | removal of underlying cause & therapy to reopen airways |
| pulmonary artery pressure rises & right side of heart must work harder to pump blood leading to | right ventricular hypertrophy & heart failure due to emphysema |
| most frequent fatal malignancy | lung cancers |
| non-small cell lung cancers | adenocarcinoma & squamous cell carcinoma |
| adenocarcinoma | dervied from mucus-secreting cells |
| squamous cell carcinoma | derived from the lining cells of the upper airway |
| stage of a tumor | determined by size & location, including any distant areas of spread |
| when cancer is advanced, with spread to lymph nodes or mediastinum, or in the case of metastic disease, the therapy options include | radiation & chemotherapy |
| surgery may curative for _____ tumors | localized |
| small cell lung cancer | derives from small, round to oval secretory cells found in pulmonary epithelium |
| spreads rapidly through the lymphatic system & bloodstream; has a poor prognosis | small cell lung cancer |
| include radiation & chemotherapy | treatements for small cell lung cancer |
| pneumoconiosis | forms are named by the type of dust particle inhaled |
| anthracosis, asbetosis & silicosis are all types of | pneumoconiosis |
| pneumococci, staphylococci & other bacteria, fungi & viruses are etiological agents of | pneumonia |
| pneumonia | infection damaged alveolar membranes so that an exudate leading to the aveoli sacs being "glued together"; this makes air exchange less effective |
| lobar pneumonia | fluid, blood cells, and other debris consolidate, or solidify, within the alveoli of one or more lobes |
| bronchopneumonia | consolidation occurs primarily in the terminal bronchioles, affecting a smaller area and resulting in milder symptoms |
| community-acquired pneumonia | results from contagious respiratory infection, caused by variety of viruses/bacteria |
| hospital-acquired pneumonia | acquired during a hopsital stay |
| aspiration pneumonia | caused by material lodging in bronchi/lungs |
| large collection of pus, bacterial infection, in lungs | pulmonary abcess |
| caused by inability of heart to pump blood which backs up in pulmonary blood vessels & fluid seeps out into alveoli & bronchioles | pulmonary edema |
| requires immediate medical attention, including medications, oxygen in high concentrations & patients maintaining sitting position | acute pulmonary edema |
| often causes acute pleuric chest pain, & may be associated with bloody sputum, fever & respiratory insufficiency | pulmonary embolism |
| diagnosis of PE is provided by ____________ that reveal areas of lung that lack adequate blood supply | ventilation-perfusion scans |
| CT scans are able to reveal obstruction of pulmonary vessels in order to | diagnose PE |
| may be result of any inflammation/irritation caused by TB, pneumonia, or pneunoconiosis | pulmonary fibrosis |
| chronic disorder of unknown origin, involing development of inflammatory lesions & proliferation of lymphatic tissue | sarcoidosis |
| bacilli invade lungs producing small tubercules of infection; usually asymptomatic & can be seen on chest xray | TB |
| uses intradermal injection to test for previous or active TB | Mantoux skin test |
| mesotheliomas are composed of | mesothelial tissue |
| the two types of pleural effusion are | exudates & transudates |
| pleurisy (pleuritis) | causes pleurodynia, dyspnea & in chronic cases pleural effusion |
| accompanied by chest pain, rapid breathing, weak pulse, dizziness & cough | pneumothorax |
| pneumothorax | lung collapse which may occur spontaneously or as a result of trauma |
| pleurodesis | artifical production of ahesions between parietal & visceral pleura |
| treatment of persistent pneunothorax & severe pleural effusion | pleurodesis |
| type of organism causing TB, test done to identify | acid-fast bacillus |
| acute respiratory distress syndrome | group of signs/symptoms including tachypnea, dyspnea, tachycardia, hypoxymia & cyanosis associated with acute respiratory failure |
| pneumocystis pneumonia | a type of pneumonia seen in patients with AIDS or other immunosupression |
| respiratory distress syndrome is also called | hyaline membrane disease |
| ventilator-associated pneumonia | bacterial pneumonia in a patient who has been on mechanical ventilation for 48 hours or more |
| affects children 3 years olf or younger | croup |
| upper respiratory infections are | highly contagious |
| disease that also causes production of a systemic toxin that is especially damaging to the tissues of the heart & central nervous system | diptheria |
| obstructive sleep apnea | sudden cessation of breathing during sleep |
| sleep apnea can result in | hypoxia, cognitive impairment, hypertension, dysrhythmias & death (in severe cases) |
| device used for patients with OSA | CPAP, device used to relieve airway obstruction |
| another device used to relieve airway obstruction, especially in emergency situations | tracheostomy |
| obstructive pulmonary disease | group of disease characterized by difficult expiration |
| also called reactive airway disease | asthma |
| diagnosis of chronic bronchitic involves | chest xrays, sputum culture, & both carbon dioxide & oxygen partial pressure |
| treatments for chronic bronchitis include | avoidance of irritants & expectorants |
| bronchogenic carcinoma | lung cancer arising from bronchi; includes SCLC & NSCLC |
| usually develops in peripheral lung tissue, is highly metastic & the most common type of lung cancer | adenocarcinoma |
| tends to develop from lining of bronchial passages, doesn't metastisize rapidly & has good prognosis | squamous cell carcinoma |
| sweat test | reveals elevated sodium & chloride levels of those with cystic fibrosis |
| bronchiectasis | bacterial infection lower lobes of lungs; infection weakens walls of bronchi; purulent present with bacteria and mucus; collects within pockets of damaged bronchial walls |
| constant, productive cough and persistent crackles | symptoms of bronchiectasis |
| crackles | crackling sounds heard during inspiration when alveoli are filled with secretions |
| CT scans help to diagnose bronchiectasis by | producing detailed visualization of thoracic structures in cross-section |
| chest tomograms | CT scans that focus on cross-sectional images of thoracic structures |
| chest secretions, caused by bronchiectasis, can be identified with | a bronchoscopy |
| bronchial washing | irrigation of bronchi to collect specimens for lab exams; also called bronchial alveolar lavage |
| bronchial brushing | insertion of a brush through the bronchoscope to obtain specimens, used for definitive diagnosis of bronchiectasis |
| diagnostic procedures used to diagnose pneumonia include | chest xrays, sputum culture & percussion |
| oxygen therapy, antibiotics & analgesics are used to | treat pneumonia |
| once inhaled they infect lower respiratory tract, causing inflammation of bronchioles & alveoli | bacilli of TB |
| the immune system encloses the bacilli in small firm nodules called tubercles | progression of TB |
| treatments for emphysema include | reconditioning exercises, relaxation exercises of dyspnea & breathing retraining |
| medications used to treat emphysema | help improve breathing efficiency |
| decreased compliance of lung tissue & diminished ability of lung to fully expand indetifies atelectasis as | a restrictive lung disease |
| airway obstruction by secretions/foreign body or compression due to fluid/air/tumor in long may lead to | collapse of alveoli |
| coughing & deep breathing after surgery help to prevent | acute onset of atelectasis |
| common sites for lesions from sarcoidosis include | lungs, spleen, liver, skin & mucous membranes |
| pulmonary sarcoidosis | type of restrictive lung disease, which is benign; it is self-limiting disorder which may resolve without treatment |
| steriods are used to relieve symptoms & manage inflammation of | pulmonary sarcoidosis |
| pleural effusion | excessive fluid accumulates in pleural spaces, resulting from malignancy/trauma |
| fever, progressive dyspnea, & non-productive cough are results of | pleural effusion |
| these help to detect pleural effusion | chest xray & physical exam |
| when the cause of the pleural effusion is unknown this is performed | thoracentesis |
| treatment of a pleural effusion includes | tube thoracostomy |
| tube thoracostomy | passing chest tube through an opening in skin of chest to continuously drain effusion |
| used to diagnose the presence of a pneumothorax | a chest xray |
| adminstration of oxygen & aspiration of air from pleural space | treatment of a pneumothorax |
| mesothelial tissue | a flat layer of cells that cover surface of pleural membrane |
| mesothelioma is associated with exposure to | asbestos |
| sugrical interventions, such as excision of pleura or removal of all/part of lung may extend life expectancy; this is fatal condition | treatments of mesothelioma |
Created by:
lfrancois
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