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PATH: Vascular Dis.
Vascular Disease
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| where is atherosclerosis most commonly found | large and medium muscular arteries |
| where does atherosclerosis form most often | abdominal aorta |
| other common locations of atherosclerosis | thoracic aorta, carotid, Circle of Wilis, lower extremities |
| what is contained within the plaques | smooth muscle cells, lipids, Macrophages |
| Major risk factor for atherosclerosis | High cholesterol, LDL, BP, with smoking or diabetes |
| Minor risk factors for atherosclerosis | type A, age, male, inactivity, obesity, hereditary, high saturated fat, increased homocystein, CRP |
| what is the development of atherosclerosis | fatty streak, Fibrofatty plaque, adv. fibrofatty plaque |
| when fatty streaks form in children and teens where do they most often present? | thoracic aorta |
| what makes the cap of the fibrofatty plaque | smooth muscle, collagen, macs and lymphocytes |
| what is the core of the plaque | smooth muscle cells (foam), lipid filled macs, necrotic debris |
| what is a fatty streak | an elevation of the intima |
| what effect does the fibrofatty plaque have? | thins teh musculoelastic wall |
| what happens with adv. fibrofatty plaques | foam cells disintegrate and contents are released to the extracellular lipid pool |
| what happens with adv. fibrofatty plaques with regards to core | core is calcified with cholesterol crystals |
| what happens to the cap with adv. fibrofatty plaque | necrosis and ulceration with thrombis |
| when do neovasculation occur? | adv. fibrofatty plaque |
| when does the tunica media thin | in adv fibrofatty plaques |
| when does musculoelastic wal thin | in fibrofatty plaque stage |
| what are four complications of atherosclerosis | vessel occlusion, narrowed lumen, embolism, aneurysm formation |
| what is the main reason occlusion will occur | crack in the cap resulting in release of contents and propagation of plaque |
| what can happen when there is occlusion of the vessel | MI, Stroke, Gangrene |
| what is the therapy for vessel occlusion by thrombis | streptokinase and TPA |
| Narrowed lumen is due to? | progressive plaque development in the lumen |
| what does a narrowed lumen do? | causes chronic ishemia |
| what can a narrowed lumen result in? | like occlusion by thrombis it can cause stroke, MI and Claudication |
| Emboli from atherosclerosis requires | formation of a thrombus from an adv. fibrofatty plaque |
| how does atherosclerosis cause aneurysms | destruction of the media (weakened wall) |
| where are atheroscleritic aneurysms most common | abdomen |
| what suggest the etiology of viral atherosclerosis | intimal mass cells (SM cells) found in infants correspond to adult plaque sites and are often monoclonal |
| how is LDL taken up | receptor mediated, micropinocytes, macs |
| how does plaque cause damage to the endothelium | platelets and macrophages adhere and release growth factors causing SM to proliferate in the intima thickening the cap |
| what else besides the plaque can damage the endothelium | hemodynamic forces |
| Monckeberg Medial Sclerosis | degenerative calcifications of the Large and Medium muscular artery vessel wall media layer |
| aneurysms are caused by | localized dilations of the blood vessel from a weak media |
| where are atherosclerotic aneurysm found | distal aorta and common iliacs |
| where are dissecting aneurysms found | in the proximal aorta from an intimal tear 1 to 2 cm above the aortic valve |
| where is a syphilitic aneurysm found | ascending aorta and arch |
| what is the shape of atherosclerotic aneurysm | fusiform or saccular |
| what is the shape of the syphilitic aneurysm | fusiform |
| where does the dissection take place | inner 2/3 and outer 1/3 of the media |
| cystic medial necrosis refers to? | dissecting aneurysm media is replaced by matchromatic material |
| what is the most common complication of dissecting aneurysm | hemorrhage into the extravascular space |
| what is a common association with disecting aneurysms | hypertension |
| Etiology of a dissectin aneurysm | may be a defect in the collage or other media connective tissue |
| what syndrome is associated with dissecting aneurysms | Marfans |
| what is the pain associated with dissecting aneurysms | sharp pain that radiates to the back |
| what is the description associated with syphilitic aneurysm | Tree bark appearance, medial scarring and intimal surface roughening |
| what are varicose veins | dilated superficial veins |
| what are varicose veins in the rectum | hemorrhoids |
| why do variocose veins dilate | incompetent valves |
| what causes deep vein thrombosis | stasis and or inflammation |
| when do you see DVT | leg trauma and bed rest |
| what is lymphangitis | inflammation of the lymphatics usually in an area of previous trauma |
| what causes lymphangitis | GAS (B hemolytic) |
| where are hemangiomas found | in the skin and occasionally internal organs |
| what are the two kinds of hemanioma | neoplasm or hemartomas |
| a capillary hemangioma is called a | birthmark |
| a cavernous hemangioma is called a | port wine stain (large vascular channels) |
| where are angiosarcomas found | in the skin and soft tissue rare malignant neoplasm of the endothelial cells |
| angiosarcomas of the liver are associated with? | environmental carcinogens (arsenic and vinyl chloride) |
| Kaposi Sarcoma | on skin or mucus membranes, GI and Lungs in AIDS patients |
| What is Kaposi Sarcoma associated with | Herpes Simplex 8 |
Created by:
jmuame03
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