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Human Geo. Ch.8
AP Human Geography Chapter 8
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| the study of the interaction of geographical area and political power. It is the former study of territoriality and power | political geography |
| what does political geography cover | forms of government, borders, treaties, trading blocs, conflicts war |
| an independent political unit holding sovereignty over a territory | state |
| a community of people with a common culture or terriroty | nation |
| state=__________________ | country |
| Korea, Taiwan and the Poles are all ____________- | states |
| Hong Kong, Macaw, Scotland, Wales are all ______________________ | autonomous regions |
| states with very small land area | microstate |
| the first cities in Mesopotamia were ________________________ | city-states |
| sovereign state that comprises a _____________ and the surround countryside, built ________________ to define boundaries | town; walls |
| examples of physical boundaries | desert, mountain, water |
| 3 types of cultural boundaries | geometric religious, linguistic |
| tangible geographic area | frontier |
| what do frontiers provide | area of separation |
| what are becoming more attractive to states for agriculture and mining | frontiers |
| a boundary drawn before it was well populated | antecedent boundary |
| what kind of boundary are most antecedent boundaries | physical |
| boundary drawn after it was well populated | subsequent boundary |
| boundary drawn to accommodate religious, linguistic, ethnic, or economic differences | consequent boundary |
| boundary forced on existing cultural landscapes | superimposed boundaries |
| a boundary that no longer functions but is marked by some landscape features | relic boundary |
| advantage: easy defense and communications | compact |
| advantage: increases access to natural resources such as water disadvantage: difficult to control | prorupted state |
| advantage: another country is dependent on you | perforated |
| disadvantage: difficult to communicate | elongated |
| disadvantage: difficult to defend and communicate | fragmented |
| bounded (non-island) piece of territory that is now part of a state but lies separated from it by territory of another state ex: Alaska | exclave |
| piece of territory that is surrounded by another political unit of which it is not a par ( landlocked within the country which surrounds them) ex: Vatican City | enclave |
| isolation, at mercy of neighbors, need communication linkages, have formed alliances with other countries to lessen isolation Example: Switzerland | landlocked state |
| who were most modern day boundaries drawn by | Europe |
| territory that is legally tied to a sovereign state rather than being completely independent | colony |
| effort by one country to establish settlements in a territory and to impose its political, economic, and cultural principles on that territoyr | colonialism |
| 3 reasons for colonialism | God, Gold, Glory |
| control of territory already occupied and organized by an indigenous society | imperialism |
| what is European colonization of Africa and Asia considered | imperialism |
| study of relationships between political power and space | geopolitical theories |
| who proposed the organic theory and what was its main idea | Ratzel and he said that states are living organisms and they need nourishment such as other states, people and resources, etc. to survive |
| Halford Mackinder, this was poised to dominate the world due to its landmass and massive resources | heartland theory |
| where did Mackinder say the heartland was | core of eurasia |
| who propsed the rimland theory and what was its main idea | spykman- surrounding territories were more important because of access to sea ports |
| what did spykman say would happen if you had the heartland and rimland | world domination |
| what geopolitical theory is correct | none of them |
| government bestows power upon local territories rather than centrally controlling the entire country | federal state |
| governments give little or no power to their local territories | unitary state (nation-state) |
| each state is allotted a number of votes in a presidential election based on their ___________________ | population |
| representation in the ____________________________ is also based on population | house of representatives |
| # of representatives in the House + 2 Senators =_______________ | # of electoral votes your state has |
| when are legislative boundaries redrawn | every 10 years |
| manipulating districts to empower or discriminate against groups of people | gerrymandering |
| spreads opposition supporters across many districts in the minority | wasted vote |
| concentrates opposition supporters into few districts | excess vote |
| links distant areas of like-minded voters through oddly shaped boundaries | stacked vote |
| when did supranationalism begin | post Cold War |
| tendency for a country to give up political power to a higher authority in order to accomplish a common objective | supranationalism |
| what are the 2 different ways states cooperate | ~political & military cooperations ~economic cooperation |
| what was the original name of the United Nations | Former League of Nations which failed after WWI |
| when was the United Nations established and by whom | 1945 by the Allies |
| how many countries were part of the UN in 1955 | 16 countries |
| how many countries were part of the UN in 1960 | 17 countries |
| how many countries were part of the UN between 1990-93 | 26 countries |
| what is the United Nations job | peacekeepers |
| what does UNCLOS stand for | United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea |
| defines the rights and responsibilities of nations with respect to their use of the world's oceans, establishing guidelines for businesses, the environment, and the management of marine natural resources | UNCLOS |
| how much territory do you own off the coast of your land | 12 nm |
| how many miles of exclusive economic zone do you have | 200 nm |
| when did the era of two superpowers take place | cold war era |
| anti-communist (western europe) | North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) |
| pro-communist (eastern europe) | Warsaw Pact |
| ______________________- is more important today in determining world powers | economy |
| leading superpower is not a single state but and ______________________ of European states | economic union |
| open borders, free trade between countries, common policies, larger trade market, common currency (EURO) | European Union |
| process by which regions withing a state gain political power at the expense of central government | devolution |
| the contentious political process by which a state may break up into smaller countries | balkanization |
| an identification withe the state and acceptance of national goals, allegiance to ideals and way of life, emotion that provides identity and loyalty, acceptance of common rules, helps integrate diverse groups | nationalism |
| study of symbols | iconography |
| what are 3 unifying institutions | schools(especially elementary), military, state religion |
| why are elementary schools an unifying institutuion | children learn their history, goals, values, traditions, and the common language |
| what is the state religion of thailand | buddhism |
| what is the state religion of nepal | hinduism |
| what is the state religion of pakistan | islam |
| what is the state religion of israel | judaism |
| centripetal force: security from _______________ aggression and ____________ conflicts | external; internal |
| centripetal force: __________________ opportunity of particpation | equal |
| centripetal force: responsive to the people's ________________________ | needs |
| centripetal force: joins areas together, roads and railroads | transportation and communication |
| centripetal force: tariffs and embargos, legals barriers on immigration, limitations through passports and visas | restrictions between conflicts |
| centrifugal force examples | destablilizing forces, lack of communication or transportation, nationalism, organized religion |
| new states are created, political instability, mass migration, ethnocentrism | effects of balkanization |
| actions by groups operating outside government rather than to those of official government agencies | terrorism |
| who do terrorists target | civilians |
| what did 9/11 start | war on terror |
| what group led the 9/11 attacks | Al-Qaeda |
| movements are expressions of regionalism: minority group self awareness and identification with a region rather than the state | separatism |
| transfer of some central powers to regional or local governments | devolutions |
| what are the stages in order of the states breaking up | unity--> separatism--> devolution--> balkanization--> terrorism |
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