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8 indust. Revo. Test
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| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Agricultural Revolution | changes in farming methods that allowed for great food production, more efficient use of land, and for more people to work in other industries |
| enclosure (enclosed fields) | walling/fencing off fields for private farms |
| open field system | common fields that everyone could work in and share the crops |
| General Enclosure Act of 1801 | U.K. law that allowed large farms to take over smaller pieces of land forcing peasants off the land |
| Jethro Tull | invented the seed drill |
| horse-hoeing husbandry | growing crops in rows and hoeing them thoroughly |
| Robert Bakewell | developed selective breeding of livestock |
| selective breeding | controlling which traits were passed on through breeding |
| Joseph Foljambe | invented the first successful iron plow |
| three-year crop rotation | The first year, rye or winter wheat was planted. The second year, barley or oats were planted. The third year, the soil rested. |
| fallow | leaving a field empty for a year to regenerate nutrients |
| Charles “Turnip” Townshend | devised four-field crop rotation |
| four-field crop rotation | wheat, clover, barley and turnips were planted in succeeding years; no land was left empty |
| fodder crops | crops that animals can graze (clover, turnips) |
| reasons the Agricultural Revolution started in the U.K. | better management of farmland, treated farming as a science, stable government, variety of foods could be raised/grown |
| kings of the U.K. during the start of the Agricultural and Industrial Revolution | George I, George II, George III (king during the American Revolution) |
| types of foods commonly available in the U.K. | beef, potatoes, artichokes, beans, breads, chicken, bacon, cheese, onions, pudding, shepherd’s pie |
| new foods that became available in the U.K. | bananas, oranges, pineapples, ice cream, tea, and coffee |
| results of the Agricultural Revolution | huge increase in population, people lived longer and produced more children, more workers were available to work in factories |
| Richard Arkwright | father of the Industrial Revolution; created the factory system |
| cottage industry | home-made business |
| textiles | cloth made at home, then became the first products made in factories |
| Luddites | people who lost their jobs to machines in factories, so they attacked the factories and smashed up the machines |
| rivers | water used to power the first machines; factories had to be located along them at first |
| natural resources in the U.K. | rivers, coal, iron |
| industrial espionage | stealing ideas from a business |
| clocks | used to regulate hours worked in factories |
| Samuel Slater | memorized how machines worked and took ideas to America to open his own factories |
| steam engine | invented by James Watt; used to power machines; factories no longer had to be built along rivers |
| cotton gin | invented by Eli Whitney; used to pick seeds out of cotton |
| interchangeable parts | invented by Eli Whitney: parts were identical and could make mass production and repair easier, faster, and cheaper |
| telegraph | invented by Samuel F.B. Morse; used to send coded messages via wire |
| transatlantic cable | invented by Cyrus Field; used to transmit messages under the Atlantic Ocean to Europe |
| spinning mule | invented by Samuel Crompton; could do the work of 3,500 people to spin cotton fibers into yarn |
| locomotive | invented by Richard Trevithick; first vehicle to run on rails; called the "puffing devil" |
| photography and cameras | improved by Nicephore Niepce; called it heliography |
| sewing machine | invented by Elias Howe and Isaac Singer; could produce textiles at home |
| movie projector/zoopraxiscope | invented by Eadweard Muybridge; used it to prove that a horse's hooves all left the ground |
| telephone | invented by Alexander Graham Bell; used it to transmit voice messages via wire |
| phonograph | invented by Thomas Edison, used to record and play back sound |
| light bulb | invented by Thomas Edison; used to illuminate homes, businesses, and street lamps |
| electric motor | invented by Nikola Tesla; used alternating current |
| diesel engine | invented by Rudolf Diesel; cleaner burning engine than ones using gasoline |
| airplane | invented by Orville and Wilbur Wright; first heavier than air flight |
| assembly line | invented by Henry Ford; made mass production of automobiles possible |
| child labor practices | children as young as five worked in factories and mines; unsafe conditions, poor food, long hours, no education, frequent punishments, diseases spread easily and quickly |
| workhouses | last resort, men and women separated, few visitors, crowded, basic furniture/food, given clothing, could only leave for another job or to join the military |
| Adam Smith | described the principles of capitalism; wrote the Wealth of Nations |
| Karl Marx | described the principles of communism; wrote the Communist Manifesto |
| mining in the U.K. | iron and coal were the two most important things mined |
| canary | used to test the air in mines |
| fire damp air | air exploded on contact with fire; miners needed special helmets that didn't give off heat |
| choke damp air | air suffocated miners; used a canary to check the air |
| pit ponies | pulled out carts of coal/iron from mines |
| dangers of mining | cave ins, flooding, dangerous air, difficulty of getting things to the surface |
| importance of railroads | travel longer distances faster; seaside resorts developed; goods were transported faster; newspapers/mail delivered daily; provided many jobs |
| importance of canals | used for irrigation and transportation |
| population changes | massive increase from 1750 to 1900; changed from rural to urban; life expectancy increased dramatically; infant mortality rates went down dramatically |
| machines in early factories | spinning jenny, water frame, power loom, flying shuttle |
| social classes | in capitalism, there would be people of all classes in communism, there would be no classes |
Created by:
daivi
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