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CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTE
Fundamentals of Body structures and functions
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Cardiovascular means | pertaining to the heart and blood vessels. |
| Blood vessels are | hollow tubes that transport (carry) blood. |
| Blood vessels that transport (carry) oxygenated blood are called | arteries |
| Oxygenated blood contains oxygen which is abbreviated | O2 |
| Arterioles are | small arteries |
| Arteries are | blood vessels that transport oxygenated blood. |
| Transport means | carry |
| Venules are | small veins |
| Veins are | blood vessels that transport deoxygenated blood. |
| Capillaries are | microscopic arteries and veins |
| The physiology (function) of capillaries is | the exchange (trading) of oxygen (O2) and carbon dioxide (CO2) called respiration |
| The diameter of every blood vessel is called the | lumen |
| Diameter means | distance across the center of a circle. |
| Vasodilation causes LBP which stands for | low blood pressure aka hypotension. |
| Narrowing (decrease) in the lumen of the arteries is called | vasoconstriction |
| Vasoconstriction causes HBP which stands for | high blood pressure aka hypertension (HTN) |
| Lumen means | diameter of every blood vessel. |
| The cardiac organ is a muscular pump located in the chest space called | the thoracic cavity |
| The cardiac organs is aka | the heart |
| From a lateral (side) view, the heart (cardiac organ) is located between | the sternum (breastbone) and thoracic (chest) vertebrae called the mediastinum |
| From an anterior view, the cardiac organ (heart) is located between the | pulmonary organs called the lungs. |
| Anterior means | front |
| Pericardium means | pertaining to the membranous sac around (surrounding) the heart. |
| Membranous means | lining |
| Epicardium means | pertaining to the outer layer of the heart. |
| The cardiac heart organ is a | muscular pump |
| Myocardium means | pertaining to the muscle layer of the heart. |
| The cardiac (heart) organ is a | muscular pump |
| Endocardium means | pertaining to the inner layer of the heart. |
| The largest veins that transport (carry) deoxygenated blood (CO2) from the body's upper and lower portions to the heart are called | superior and inferior venae cavae |
| CO2 stands for | carbon dioxide |
| The venae cavae deliver deoxyginated blood (CO2) to the superior (upper cardiac (heart) chamber (enclosed space) called the | right atrium |
| The right atrium contracts (pumps) sending deoxygenated blood (CO2) through a one way structure called the | tricuspid valve |
| Cusp means | flap |
| The right atrium is the | superior (upper) right cardiac chamber |
| The physiology of the tricuspid valve is to | prevent (stop) valvular backflow called regurgitation aka valvular reflux. |
| Physiology means | function |
| Valvular regurgitation (reflux) causes a sound called a | murmur or bruit |
| A murmur (bruit) can be heard during auscultation which means | listening with a stethoscope. |
| Strands of tendon that anchor the tricuspid valve cusps preventing prolapse are called | chordae tendinae |
| Prolapse means | displacement |
| Deoxygenated blood (CO2) fills the inferior right cardiac (heart) chamber called the | right ventricle |
| Inferior means | lower |
| Chamber means | enclosed space |
| The right ventricle contracts (pumps) sending deoxygenated blood (CO2) through a one way structure called the | pulmonary semilunar valve |
| The right ventricle is | inferior (lower) right cardiac chamber. |
| Pulmonary means | lungs |
| The physiology (function) of the pulmonary semilunar valve is to prevent (stop) valvular backflow called: | valvular regurgitation aka valvular reflux. |
| A valve is a | one way structure |
| Valvular regurgitation (reflux) causes a sound called a | murmur or bruit. |
| A murmur (bruit) can be heard during auscultation which means | listening with a stethoscope. |
| Deoxygenated blood (CO2) enters a large pulmonary blood vessel called | the pulmonary trunk |
| Blood vessels are | hollow tubes that transport blood |
| The pulmonary trunk bifurcates into blood vessels called | pulmonary arteries |
| Bifurcates means | splits into two (2) |
| Pulmonary means | lungs |
| The physiology (function) of the lungs is respiration which means | exchange of gases |
| The gases exchanged are | oxygen (O2) and carbon dioxide (CO2). |
| Oxygenated blood (O2) returns from the lungs to the heart through blood vessels called | pulmonary veins |
| O2 stands for | oxygen |
| Blood vessels are | hollow tubes that transport blood. |
| Pulmonary veins deliver the oxygenated blood (O2) to the superior (upper) left cardiac (heart) chamber called the | left atrium |
| Chamber means | enclosed space |
| The left atrium contract (pumps) sending oxygenated blood (O2) through a one structure called the | bicuspid valve aka the mitral valve. |
| The left atrium is the | superior (upper) left cardiac chamber. |
| The physiology (function) of the bicuspid valve is to | prevent backflow called regurgitation aka reflux. |
| The bicuspid valve is aka | the mitral valve. |
| Valvular regurgitation (reflux) causes a sound called a | murmur or bruit. |
| A murmur (bruit) can be heard during auscultation which means | listening with a stethoscope. |
| Vertebrae are aka | the spinal column or back bones |
| Strands of tendon that anchor the bicuspid valve cusps (flaps) preventing prolapse are called | chordae tendineae |
| Prolapse means | displacement |
| Cusps are | flaps |
| Oxygenated blood (O2) fills the inferior left cardiac chamber called | the left ventricle |
| Inferior means | lower |
| Chamber means | enclosed space |
| The left ventricle contracts sending oxygenated blood through a one way structure called | the aortic semilunar valve |
| Cntract means | pumps |
| The left ventricle is the | inferior (lower) left cardiac chamber |
| The physiology (function) of the aortic semilunar valve is to (prevent) stop valvular backflow called | valvular regurgitation aka valvular reflux. |
| A valve is a | one way structure. |
| The aortic semilunar valve allows oxygenated blood (O2) to enter the | largest artery called the aorta |
| A valve is a | one way structure |
| O2 stands for | oxygen |
| The first (1st) part of the aorta goes upward through the chest cavity called | the ascending thoracic aorta. |
| The aorta is the | largest artery |
| Cavity means | space |
| The second (2nd) part of the aorta curves at the apex (like a candy cane) called | the aortic arch |
| Apex means | top |
| The third (3rd) part of the aorta goes downward through the chest cavity called the | descending thoracic aorta |
| The fourth (4th) part of the aorta located between the thorax and the pelvis is called the | abdominal aorta |
| Thorax means | chest |
| Pelvis means | hips |
| The aorta branches into arteries, arterioles and capillaries that will distribute the oxygenated blood (O2) to | all cells of the body |
| Distribution means | circulate or deliver |
| The wall between the atria is called the | interatrial septum |
| The atria are the | superior chambers (enclosed spaces) of the heart |
| Superior means | upper |
| The wall between the ventricles are the | inferior chambers (enclosed spaces) of the heart |
| Inferior means | lower |
| Major arteries: Vessels that branch off the aortic arch and deliver oxygenated blood (O2) to the cerebrum (brain) are called | carotid arteries |
| Vessels that deliver oxygenated blood (O2) to the myocardium are called | coronary arteries |
| The myocardium is the | muscle layer of the heart |
| Vessels that deliver oxygenated blood 9O2) to the arm sand superior thorax are called | subclavian arteries |
| Superior means | upper |
| Thorax means | chest |
| Vessels that deliver oxygenated blood (O20 to the intestines are called the | mesenteric arteries |
| Blood vessels are hollow tubes that | transport blood |
| Transport means | carry |
| Vessels that deliver oxygenated blood (O2) to the diaphragm are called | phrenic arteries |
| The diaphragm is the primary muscle of | ventilation aka breathing |
| The abdominal aorta bifurcates into vessels that deliver oxygenated blood (O2) to the pelvis and superior (upper) legs (thighs called the | right and left iliac arteries |
| Bifurcation means | splits into two (2). |
| Vessels that deliver oxygenated blood to the inferior legs are called | femoral arteries |
| blood vessels are | hollow tubes that transport blood |
| Inferior means | lower |
| Major veins: Vessels that return deoxygenated blood (CO2) from the head to the superior vena cava are called | jugular veins |
| Vessels that return deoxygenated blood (Co2) from the inferior legs are called | saphenous veins |
| Alternate blood vessels that can be used for a CABG are called | mesentery arteries |
| Alternate means | substitute |
| CABG stands for | coronary artery bypass graft |
| Vessels that return deoxygenated blood (CO2) from the arms and neck are called | subclavian veins |
| The vessel that is the confluence of the mesenteric (intestinal) and splenic (spleen) veins and gastric (stomach) veins and cystic (gallbladder) veins is called the | hepatic portal vein |
| Confluence means | merging |
| Vessels commonly used to perform phlebotomy are called | medial cubital veins |
| Phlebotomy is aka | venipuncture |
| Median cubital veins are aka | antecubital veins. |
| Deoxygenated blood (CO2) returns from capillaries through venules then through veins and then to the larger veins called | superior (upper) vena cava and inferior (lower) vena cava. |
| Capillaries are | microscopic arteries and veins. |
| Other terms: A device that respirates the blood when the heart is stopped for surgical procedures is abbreviated CBM | which stands for cardiopulmonary bypass machine aka heart-lung bypass machine |
| A blood test to detect inflammation and can indicate cardiac (heart) pathology is abbreviated CRP which stands for | C-reactive protein |
| Indicate means | show |
| Pathology means | disease |
| Enzymes (chemical catalysts) found in a blood sample that indicate 9show) damaged muscle tissue include: | CPK aka CK LDH aka LD |
| Enzymes (chemical catalysts) found in a blood sample that indicate (show) an AMI include | 1. Troponin. 2. CPK-MB aka cardiac isoenzymes or "isos" |
| AMI stands for | acute myocardial infarction |
| Blood: A woman's average blood volume is | five (5) liters (L). |
| A man's average blood volume is | six (6) liters (L) |
| Volume means the | amount of space a liquid occupies (fills). |
| Blood physiology includes transporting (carrying) | Enzymes which are chemical catalysts. |
| Physiology means | function |
| Blood physiology function) includes | 1. transporting (carrying) 2. Hormones secreted from the endocrine glands. ) 2. |
| Secreted means | produced and discharged (released) |
| Blood physiology (function) includes transporting carrying: | 1. Carbon dioxide (C2) to the lungs. 2. Nitrogenous (N) waste to the kidneys. 2. |
| Blood physiology (function) includes transporting Leukocytes (WBCs) and antibodies to defend against disease creators called | pathogens |
| Antibodies are | immune proteins |
| Blood physiology (function) includes transporting excess body heat to the blood vessels located in the | skin. |
| Most body heat is released when perspiration is changed to a vapor called | evaporation |
| Perspiration is aka | sweat |
| Vapor is a | mist |
| Blood physiology includes regulating (controlling) blood pH by transporting | carbonic acid (H2CO3) and bicarbonate (HCO3) buffer. |
| pH is a measurement of | acidity and alkalinity. |
| Normal blood pH is | 7.l35 - 7.45 |
| Blood PH < (less than) 7.35 is called | acidosis (acidotic) |
| Blood pH > (greater than) 7.45 is called | alkalosis (alkalotic) |
| Nourisment: The process of providing or obtaining nutrients is called | nutrition |
| Nutrients are substances necessary for the body to maintain (continue) | health and life |
| Nutrients transported (carried) by the blood include: | Vitamins and minerals which are necessary for normal growth and metabolism. |
| Metabolism | is the rate (speed) at which the body utilizes (uses) energy |
| Nutrients transported (carried) by the blood include | Carbohydrates (CHO) which are utilized for energy. |
| Utilized means | used |
| Nutrients transported by the blood include | Proteins which are necessary for growth and repair |
| Nutrients transported (carried) by the blood include | Fats which are necessary for vitamin A, D, E + K absorption and cellular wall creation. |
| Blood components: Components are | parts |
| Blood drawn (removed) from the body is abbreviated WB which stands for | whole blood |
| Components of whole blood (WB) include | Erythrocytes aka RBCs which stands for red blood cells |
| Components of whole blood (WB) include | Leukocytes aka WBCs which stands for white blood cells |
| Erythrocytes: The physiology (function) of erythrocytes | is the exchange of oxygen (O2) called respiration. |
| Erythrocytes are aka | red blood cells (RBCs) |
| To maximize respiration, erythrocytes (RBCs should appear as | biconcave disks which means the edges are thicker than the center Werther's Original Hard Candies). |
| Respiration is | the exchange of oxygen (O2) and carbon dioxide (CO2). |
| Erythrocytes (RBCs) do not contain a genetic nucleus (DNA) so they do not have the ability to | replicate |
| Replicate means | duplicate or copy |
| Erythropoiesis occurs (happens) in the | red bone marrow aka myeloid tissue. |
| Erythropoietin is a | hormone secreted by the kidneys. |
| Erythropoietin is necessary for | erythrocyte (RBC) formation. |
| Secreted means | produced and discharged (released). |
| Erythrocytosis means | abnormal condition of excessive red cells |
| A normal erythrocyte (RBC) count is | 2-6 million. |
| Erythrocytes (RBCs) live for | approximately 120 days. |
| Erythrocytes (RBCs) necrose (die) | at a rate of 2 million per second. |
| Necrotic erythrocytes (RBCs) hemolyze | which means break up (fragment). |
| Necrotic | means dead |
| Hemolyzed (broken up) erythrocytes (RBCs) are called | bilirubin |
| Hyperbilirubinemia means | blood condition of excessive bilirubin. |
| Bilirubin is | necrotic (dead) hemolyzed (fragmented) erythrocytes (RBCs). |
| Hyperbilirubinemia causes a yellow discoloration to the skin and/or sclerae called | jaundice or icterus (icteric - adj). |
| Sclerae are | the whites of the eyes. |
| Hyperbilirubinemia can be caused by | pathology of the liver or gallbladder or the pancreas. |
| Pathology means | disease |
| The blood protein found inside erythrocytes and necessary for erythrocytes to transport (carry) oxygen (O2) and carbon dioxide (CO2) is abbreviated | Hgb which stands for hemoglobin. |
| Erythrocytes are aka | red blood cells. |
| A normal hemoglobin (Hgb) range is | 12-17 g/dL |
| Hemoglobin (Hgb) is a blood protein found inside erythrocytes (RBCs) and necessary for erythrocytes (RBCs) | to transport (carry) oxygen (O2) and CO2) |
| The element necessary for healthy hemoglobin (Hgb) | is abbreviated Fe which stands for iron. |
| Foods rich in iron (Fe) include | red meat and dark green leafy vegetables. |
| Hematocrit (Hct or crit) | represents the percentage of blood occupied by erythrocytes abbreviated PCV which sands for packed cell volume. |
| H+H stands for | hemoglobin and hematocrit. |
| MCH stands for | mean cell hemoglobin |
| MCHC stands for | mean cell hemoglobin concentration. |
| Erythrocytopenia means | a deficiency of red cells |
| Erythrocytopenia and/or deficiency of hemoglobin (Hgb) is called | anemia. |
| The physiology (function) of thrombocytes is | coagulation or clotting. |
| Thrombocytes are | clot cells aka platelets |
| A normal thrombocyte count is | 150-300,000 |
| Thrombocytes (platelets are produced at a rate of | 200 billion a day |
| Thrombocytopenia means | a deficiency of clot cells or platelets |
| Thrombocytosis means | abnormal condition of excessive clot cells |
| Thrombocytopenia mans | formation of clot cells |
| Thrombopoiesis occurs in the | red bone marrow aka myeloid tissue. |
| Embolus (emboli) are | travelling clots. |
| Thrombolysis and thrombolytic mean | break up or destruction of a clot |
| Anticoagulant mans | against coagulation (clotting) |
| Coagulation | is the process by which liquid blood changes into a semisolid mass (collection) called a blood clot. |
| Blood tests to determine the ability to coagulate (clot) include: | 1. INR (international normalization ratio). 2. Prothrombin time (PT) 3. Bleeding time (BT) |
| Coagulation panel (profile) refers to a | group of tests and consists of: a. INR b. PT or prothrombin time c. BT or bleeding time. d. Platelet count aka (thrombocyte count). |
| A genetic (hereditary) coagulopathy caused by deficiency of a clotting factor or clotting factors is called | hemophilia |
| Coagulopathy means | clotting disease. |
| A life threatening loss of blood volume is called | exsanguination |
| The type of shock caused by exsanguination is called | hypovolemic shock |
| The physiology (function) of leukocytes is | to defend the body against disease creators called pathogens. |
| Leukocytes are aka | white blood cells (WBCs). |
| A normal leukocyte (WBC) count is | 4,000-11,000 |
| Leukocytes (WBCs) increase in number to | defend the body against disease creators called pathogens. |
| Leukocytosis means | abnormal condition of excessive white blood cells |
| A malignancy (cancer) of the red bone marrow (myeloid tissue) or lymphatic system causing extreme leukocytosis is called | leukemia |
| Leukocytopenia means | deficiency of white blood cells |
| Leukocytopenia is associated with | AIDS which stands for acquired immune deficiency syndrome. |
| A blood test to count the five (5) different types of leukocytes is: | white blood cell (WBC) differential. |
| A mnemonic to remember the five (5) different types of leukocytes is | monkeys never eat little bananas |
| The five (5) different types of leukocytes include: | Monocytes that phagocytize which means ingest (swallow) disease creators called pathogens. |
| The five (5) different types of leukocytes include; | Neutrophils that phagocytize which means they ingest disease creators called pathogens. |
| The five (5) different types of leukocytes include: | Eosinophils that increase in number during an allergic reaction. |
| The five different types of leukocytes include; | Lymphocytes that produce immune protein called antibodies. |
| Antibodies are necessary to | defeat infections caused by viruses. |
| The five (5) different types of leukocytes include: | Basophils that release a. Histamine which initiates (starts) the inflammatory response. b. Heparin which decreases coagulation (clotting) and increases blood flow. |
| Plasma is the | liquid portion of the blood. |
| Plasma comprises (contains) | approximately 55% of blood volume. |
| Blood cells and other elements comprise | approximately 45% of blood volume. |
| Plasma is composed of: | a. Nutrients. b. Electrolytes (salts) c. Hormones. d. Gases (O2 and CO2) e. Nitrogenous (N) wastes. f. Plasma proteins. |
| A plasma protein necessary for normal fluid balance is called | albumin. |
| Two (2) plasma proteins necessary for normal coagulation are called | fibrinogen and prothrombin (PT). |
| Production of prothrombin (PT) requires | adequate amounts of Vitamin K |
| Foods rich in Vitamin K include | green leafy vegetables. |
| Plasma without fibrinogen and prothrombin is called | serum |
| Plasmapheresis means | separation of plasma from erythrocytes (RBCs) and thrombocytes (platelets) and leukocytes (WBCs) |
| Plasma can be preserved for future transfusions by freezing | abbreviated FFP which stands for fresh frozen plasma. |
| Transfusion means | transfer |
| Fresh frozen plasma (FFP) with clotting factors is called | cryoprecipitate |
| Cryoprecipitate is administered to treat the genetic hereditary coagulopathy (clotting disease) called | hemophilia. |
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bterrelonge
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