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Med Term Mod 11
Terms & Definitions
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| ACE inhibitor | drug that caused dialation of blood vessels & lowers blood pressure, prevents heart attacks, strokes & congestive heart failure |
| ACE stands for | antiotensin-converting enzymenormally constricts blood vessels |
| acute coronary syndromes | consequences of plaque rupture in coronary arteries; unstable angina & myocardial infarction |
| anuerysm | local widening/ballooning out of a small area of an artery |
| angina | chest pain associated with myocardial ischemia |
| angiogram | x-ray record of a blood vessel |
| angiography | x-ray imaging of blood vessels after injection of contrast material |
| angioplasty | surgical repair of a blood vessel |
| anoxia | lack of oxygen in body tissue |
| aorta | largest artery in the body |
| aortic stenosis | narrowing of the aorta |
| arrhythmia | without rhythm; any deviation from the normal rhythmic pattern of the heartbeat |
| arterial anastomosis | surgical connection between 2 arteries |
| arteriography | xray recording of arteries; contrast is injected |
| ateriosclerosis | hardening of an artery with collection of fatty plaque |
| artery | largest type of blood vessel |
| artherectomy | removal of plaque (lipds/clots) that accumulate in lining of an artery |
| artheroma | mass of fatty plaque that collects in an artery |
| artherosclerosis | form are arteiosclerosis in fatty plaque deposits in the interior lining of an artery |
| atrial | pertaining to an atrium |
| atrial fibrillation | electrical impulses move randomly throughout the atria, causing the atria to quiver instead of contracting with a normal rhythm |
| atrioventricular block | failure of conduction of impulses from the AV node to the atrioventricular bundle & ventricles of heart |
| atrioventricular bundle | specialized muscle fibers connecting the atria with the ventricles & transmitting impulses between them; bundle of His |
| atrioventricular node | a small mass of cardiac muscle tissue located in the right atrium near the ventricle |
| atrium | plural for atria |
| atrium | upper chambers of heart |
| auscultation | use of a stethoscope to listen for sounds emanating from heart/other organs |
| beta-blocker | drug used to treat high blood pressure & control heart rate |
| brachial artery | artery that carries blood to the arm |
| bradycardia | slow heartrate |
| bruit | an abnormal blowing/swishing sound heard on auscultation of an artery/organ |
| bundle of His | atroiventricular bundle |
| calcium channel blocker | drug used to treat chest pain & high blood pressure |
| capillary | smallest blood vessel |
| carbon dioxide | gas released by body cells; carried by veins to heart & then to lungs for exhalation; CO2 |
| cardiac arrest | sudden, unexpected stoppage of heart; cardiac death |
| cardiac catheterization | thin, flexible tube guided into heart via vein/artery after contract material introdcued, blood pressure measured & xrays taken to image patterns of blood flow |
| cardiac MRI | images of heart produced with magnetic waves |
| cardiac tamponade | pressure of heart caused by fluid in pericardial space |
| cardiomegaly | enlargement of heart |
| cardiomyopathy | disease of heart muscle |
| cardioversion | treatment for serious arrhythmias using breif discharged of electricity to shock the heart so that a normal rhythm can begin; defribillation |
| claudication | pain, tension & weakness in leg after walking has begun; absence of pain at rest |
| coarctation of the aorta | congenital anomaly in which a portion of the aorta near the heart is narrowed/stenosed |
| computerized tomography angiography | xray images are combined with CT to produce a 3D pic of the heart & blood vessels |
| congenital heart disease | structural heart defects that appear at birth |
| congestive heart failure | heart is unable to pump its required amount of blood |
| coronary arteries | branches of aorta bringing oxygen-rich blood to heart muscle |
| coronary artery bypass grafting | arteries/veins are grafted onto coronary arteries to bypass blocked arteries & bring needed blood supply to myocardium |
| coronary artery disease | ateries that supply blood to heart muscle become clogged & blocked with deposits of fatty material & cholestrol |
| cyanosis | abnormal condition; blueness of skin; caused by decreased oxygen & increased carbon dioxide in blood |
| deep-vein thrombosis | blood clots form in a large vein, usually in the leg |
| deoxygenated blood | blood that is oxygen-poor |
| diastole | period during which heart relaxes between contractions |
| digital subtraction angiography | video equipment, computer & xray machine produce images of blood vessels before & after injecting contrast material |
| digoxin | drug that increases strength & regularity of heartbeat |
| Doppler ulrtasound | method of focusing sound waves on blood vessels to measure blood flow |
| echocardiography | high-energy sound waves are transmitted into chest & images recorded of veins, chambers, surfaces & movement of heart |
| electrocardiogram | record of electricity flowing through heart |
| electrocardiography | process of recording electricity flowing through heart |
| electron beam CT | electron beams & CT identify calcium deposits in & around coronary arteries to diagnose early coronary artery disease |
| embolus | plural for emboli |
| ambolus | clot/other substance that travels to distant location & suddenly blocks a blood vessel |
| endarterectomy | surgical removal of plaque from the inner layer of an artery |
| endocarditis | inflammation of the endocardium |
| endocardium | inner lining of heart |
| endothelium | innermost lining of blood vessels |
| extracorporeal circulation | use of a heart-lung machine to divert blood from heart & lungs during open heart surgery |
| fibrillation | disturbance of the heart's rhythm in which there are rapid, disorganized, and ineffectual contractions of the atria or ventricles |
| flutter | rapid, but regular, contractions of heart; usually of the atria |
| heart transplantation | donor heart is transferred to a recipient |
| hemorrhoids | swollen, twisted veins in rectal & anal area |
| holter monitoring | compact version of an electrocariograph is worn during 24hour period to detect cardiac arrhythmias |
| hypercholesterolemia | high levels of cholestrol in blood |
| hypertension | high blood pressure |
| hypoxia | deficiency of oxygen in body tissues |
| implantable cardioverter defibrillator | small electric device implanted inside chest (near collarbone) to sense arrhythmias & terminate them to restore normal sinus rhythm |
| infarction | area of dead tissue |
| interventricular septum | wall between ventricles of heart |
| ischemia | holding back blood to a region of body |
| myocardial ischemia | deprivation of blood to the heart muscle |
| left ventricular assist device (LVAD) | booster pump implanted in abdomen with a tube inserted into the left ventricle |
| LVAD is | a "bridge to transplant" or destination when heart transplantation is impossible |
| lipid test | measurement of cholesterol & trycligerides in a sample of blood |
| lipoprotein electrophoresis | lipoproteins are physically separated in a blood sample |
| lioproteins | combinations of fat & protein |
| HDL & LDL are examples of | lipoproteins |
| HDL | high density lipoprotein |
| LDL | low density lipoprotein |
| mitral stenosis | narrowing of the mitral valve |
| mitral valve | valve between left atrium & left ventricle |
| bicuspid valve | mitral valve |
| mitral valve prolapse | abnormal closure of mitral valve so that blood refluxes backward into left atrium during ventricular contraction |
| mitral valvulitis | inflammation of mitral valve |
| murmur | extra sound heard between normal beats during auscultation of heart |
| myocardial infarction | area of necrotic tissue in heart muscle; heart attack |
| myocardium | muscular layer of heart |
| myxoma | rare neoplasm of connective tissue found in heart muscle |
| nitroglycerin | drug used in treatment of angina (pectoris) |
| dialates coronary arteries so that more blood flow to heart muscle | nitroglycerin |
| normal sinus rhythm | heart rhythm originating in sinoatrial node |
| pacemaker of the heart | normal sinus rhythm |
| occlusion | blockage/closure of a vessel/tube |
| pacemaker | specialized nervous tissue in wall of right atrium |
| begins the heartbeat | pacemaker |
| sinoatrial node | pacemaker oh heart |
| palpitations | uncomfortable sensations in chest related to cardiac arrhythmias, such as skipped beats |
| patent ductus arteriosus | small duct that is open during fetal circulation, fails to close at birth |
| percutaneous coronary intervention | catheter with balloon & stent is inserted into a coronary artery to remove collections of plaque |
| drugeluting stents release chemicals to keep debris & plaque from recollecting during | precutaneous coronary intervention |
| pericardial friction rub | scaping/grating heart sound heard on auscultation of heart |
| symptomatic of pericarditis | pericardial friction rub |
| pericardiocentesis | surgucal puncture to remove fluid within pericardial space surrounding heart |
| pericarditis | inflammation of pericardium |
| pericardium | double-layered membrane surrounding heart |
| peripheral vascular disease | blockage of blood vessels outside heart |
| cartois artery occlusion in an example of | peripheral vascular disease |
| petechiae | small pinpoint hemorrhages under skin |
| phlebotomy | incision into a vein |
| PET Scan of heart | images show blood flow & myocardial function following uptake of radioactive substances |
| pulmonary artery | blood vessel carrying oxygen-poor blood from right ventricle of heart to the lungs |
| pulmonary circulation | flow of blood from heart to the lungs & then back to heart |
| pulmonary valve | valve located between right ventricle & pulmonary arteru |
| pulmonary vein | 1 of 2 pairs of vessels carrying oxygenated blood from lungs to left atrium of heart |
| pulse | beat of heart as felt through the walls of the arteries |
| radiofrequency catheter ablation | radiofrequency deleivered from tip of catheter inserted through blood vessel into heart |
| treatment destroys the tissue causing certain arrhythmia via radiofrequency energy | radiofrequency catheter ablation |
| Raynaud disease | recurrent episodes of pallor & cyanosis in fingers & toes caused by blood vessel spasms |
| rheumatic heart disease | disease of heart caused by rheumatic fever |
| septal defects | small holes present at birth in walls between heart chambers |
| septum | wall/partition |
| plural for septa | septum |
| lies between atria of heart | interatrial sepctum |
| lies between ventricles of heart | interventricular septum |
| serum enzyme test | chemicals measured in blood as evidence of heart attack |
| creatine kinase (CK) is an example of a | serum enzyme test |
| troponin-l (cTnl) is an example of a | serum enzyme test |
| troponon T (cTnT) is an example of a | serum enzyme test |
| sinoatrial node | sensitive nervous tissue in wall of right atrium |
| sphygmomanometer | instrument to measure blood pressure |
| statins | drugs give to lower cholesterol on bloodstream |
| stethoscope | instrument for listening to sounds in chest |
| stress test | used to determine heart's response to physical exertion |
| exercise tolerance test (EET) | stress test |
| systemic circulation | flow of blood from body tissues to heart & from heart back to tissues |
| systole | phase cardiac cycle when heart contracts |
| tachycardia | rapid heartbeat |
| technetium 99m sestamibi scan | uptake of technetium 99m sestamibi in myocardium reveals evidence of myocardial infarction |
| technetium 99m sestamibi | radioactive chemical |
| telemetry | continuous monitoring of patient's heart rhythm in a hospital |
| tetralogy of Fallot | 4 separate defects of heart occuring at birth |
| thallium 201 scan | concentraction of thallium 201 is measured in myocardium to show evidence of an infarction |
| infarction as known as | "cold spots" |
| thallium 201 | radioactive substance |
| thrill | fine vibration felt on palpating body over a blood vessel that is blocked |
| thrombolysis | destruction of a blood clot |
| thrombolytic therapy | injection of streptokinase & tPA to dissolve clots in bloodstream |
| thrombophlebitis | inflammation of a vein & formation of a clot within the vein |
| thrombotic occlusion | blockage of blood vessel caused by thrombosis/clot formation |
| tricuspid valve | valve located between right atrium & right ventricle |
| valve | structure in a vein/heart that temporarily closes an opening so that blood flows in proper direction |
| valvotomy | incision of a valve |
| valvuloplasty | surgical repair of a valve |
| varicose veins | swollen, twisted veins, often occurring in legs |
| vascular | partaining to a blood vessel |
| vasoconstriction | narrowing of a blood vessel |
| vasodilation | widening of a blood vessel |
| vegetations | collections of clotted material that accumulate on endocardium & valves of heart |
| vegetations occur in conditions such as | endocarditis & rheumatic heart disease |
| vein | thin-walled blood vessel that carries oxygen-poor blood from body tissues back to heart |
| vena cava | largest vein in body |
| plural for venae cavae | vena cava |
| inferior & superior venae cavae | return blood to heart from body tissues |
| venipuncture | incision of a vein to remove blood |
| venous | pertaining to a vein |
| ventricle | 1 of 2 lower chambers of heart |
| venule | small vein |
| saturated fats | animal origin, such as milk, butter, & meats; increase blood cholesterol |
| polyunsaturated fats | vegetable origin such as corn & safflower oil; decrease blood cholesterol |
| creatine kinase | released into bloodstream after injury to heart or skeletal muscles |
| cardiac resynchronization therapy | biventricular pacing |
| ejection fraction | measures amount of blood that pumps out of the heart with each beat |
| cardiovascular system consists of | closed network of blood vessels, and heart, that carry blood throughout the body |
| blood vessels are responible for | transporting nutrients & oxygen to the cells to power the body's functions |
| carry carbon dioxide & waste prodycts to lungs & kidneys to be eliminated | blood vessels |
| heart | cone-shaped organ that is the pump of cardiovascular system |
| lies in the mediastinum of thoracic cavity, between lungs & just behind sternum | heart |
| the heart lies in front of the | esopahgus, aorta, venae cavae & vertebral column |
| apex | blunt point making the lower border of heart, just below the 5th rib |
| base | upper border of heart just below 2nd rib |
| the heart rests on the | diaphragm |
| the heart is rotated to the | left |
| endocardium | inner layer of heart made up of smooth membranous tissue |
| endothelium | smooth membranous tissue on inner layer of heart |
| myocardium | tick middle layer of heart wall |
| endocardium lines the interior of heart and | heart valves |
| myocardium is composed of | cardiac muscle |
| epicardium | outer layer of heart |
| the heart has this many layers | 3 |
| pericardium consist of a thin sheet of tissue called | serous membrane |
| the outer portion of pericardium is made up of a(n) | fibrous portion |
| visceral pericardium | inner layer |
| parietal pericardium | outer layer |
| this adheres to the heart's surface | visceral pericardium |
| lines the heart's fibrous coat | parietal pericardium |
| space between the visceral and parietal layers of pericardium contains | pericardial fluid |
| pericardial fluid | acts as a lubricant, allowing pericarium's layers to move without friction |
| low pressure containers that collect blood from circulatory system & deliver to ventricles | atria |
| larger & more muscular, pumping blood to the circulatory system | ventricles |
| muscular partition that separates heart into 2 functioning units | septum |
| double-pump | heart |
| interatrial septum | separated atria |
| interventricular septum | separates ventricles |
| right side of heart consists of | right atrium & ventricle |
| left side of the heart consists of | left atrium & ventricle |
| bicuspid & trcuspid valves | mitral valves |
| mitral valves are | atrioventricular valves |
| pulmonary & aortic valves are | semilunar valves |
| during artial heart contraction, cardiac muscle in artial wall contracts, forcing blood through the | atrioventricular valves |
| when the blood is forced through the atrioventricluar valves it | forces blood into the ventricles |
| during ventricular contraction the atrioventricular valves | close |
| blood is forced out of ventricles through semilunar valves and into arteries duuring | ventricular contraction |
| when the heart makes the "lub" sound, the sound is caused by the vibration & abrupt closure of | atrioventricular valves as ventricles contract |
| when the heart makes the "dub" sound, the sound is caused by the closing of the | semilunar valves when ventricles undergo relaxation |
| three major types of blood vessels: | arteries, veins, and capillaries |
| Arteries | carry blood containing oxygen and other nutrients away from the heart to the body's cells |
| large, strong vessels with elastic walls because they need to withstand the force of the blood as it leaves the heart | arteries |
| Smaller arteries | arterioles |
| arterioles | carry blood to the tiniest of the blood vessels |
| capillaries | microscopic blood vessels with walls thin enough to permit the exchange of oxygen and nutrients from the blood into the tissue fluid surrounding the body's cells |
| allow carbon dioxide and waste materials to pass into the blood from the cells | capillaries |
| the blood is carried to the veins by | venules |
| venules | small veins |
| Because venous return of blood to the heart is less forceful than blood flow through the arteries, their walls are thinner and less elastic | the veins |
| in the veins keep the blood flowing back to the heart | valves |
| receives venous blood from the inferior and superior venae cavae | right atrium |
| once received by the right atrium then flows through the tricuspid valve to the | right ventricle |
| With each contraction, the blood is passed from the right ventricle through the pulmonary valve and into the | pulmonary artery |
| only artery through which oxygen-poor blood flows | the pulmonary artery |
| In the lungs, blood travels through the ____ and into the lung ____ | arterioles; capillaries |
| carbon dioxide is eliminated and oxygen is absorbed in the | lung capillaries |
| oxygen-rich blood flows from the lungs through the venules and is carried by the _____ ____ into the left atrium | pulmonary veins |
| are the only veins through which oxygenated blood flows | the pulmonary veins |
| From the left atrium, blood travels through the ____ to the left ____ | mitral valve; ventricle |
| As the heart contracts, blood is forced from the left ventricle, through the ____ ____, into the aorta and the ____ circulation | aortic valve; systemic |
| right and left coronary arteries | pair of arteries that branch from the aorta; both coronary arteries have two main branches; |
| right coronary artery and its branches supply the | right atrium, the right ventricle, and a portion of the left ventricle |
| left coronary artery and its branches supply the | left atrium, the left ventricle, and a portion of the right ventricle. |
| carries oxygen-poor blood from right ventricle to lungs | pulmonary artery |
| tricuspid valve connects | right atrium & right ventricle |
| systemic circulation | flow of blood from body's organs to heart & back |
| vessels that carry blood containing oxygen & other nutrients away from heart to the body | arteries |
| blood flows throught the mitral valve to the | lft ventricle |
| high blood pressure | has a powerful effect on the rhythmic contraction and relaxation of the heart |
| cardiac cycle | 2 plases: systole & diastole |
| with each cardiac cycle | the atria simultaneously contract, emptying blood into the relaxed ventricles |
| tricuspid & mitral valves stay open during | atrial contraction |
| during atrial contraction | the pulmonary & aortic valves are closed |
| To prevent the backflow of blood from the ventricles, the tricuspid and mitral valves are closed during | ventricular systole |
| While the ____ ____, the atria relax and are filled with blood returning from the systemic circulation and from the lungs | ventricles contract |
| force of the blood being ejected from the heart causes a regular expansion and contraction of the arterial walls called | the pulse |
| The most commonly used pulse point is | over the radial artery, just inside the wrist over the thumb |
| A blood pressure measurement is determined by | blood volume, the size and tone of the blood vessel, and the force of the heart's contraction as it ejects blood into the arteries |
| The rhythmic contractions of the heart are caused by the spread of an | electrical impulse across certain cardiac pathways and structures |
| coordinates the muscular contractions that occur during the cardiac cycle | electrical wave |
| generated by a shift in the chemical charge of cardiac cells | electical impulses |
| with one pulsation of your palpatated pulse | all the events in the cardiac cycle and the conduction process have just occurred |
| wave of conduction begins at | the sinoatrial(SA) node |
| the sinoatrial node is located | near vena cava in the right atrial wall |
| after leaving the SA node impulses travel through both atria pausing at | the atrioventricular (AV) node |
| Purkinje fibers | modified cardiac fibers in the subendocardial tissue completion of the conducting system of the heart |
| dysrhythmia | disturbance of rhythm; any deviation from the normal rhythmic pattern of the heartbeat |
| aperture | opening |
| Electrocardiography, cardiac catheterization, and echocardiography all use | high-frequency sound waves to show the structure & movement of the heart |
Created by:
lfrancois
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