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AP WORLD HISTORY STE

CHPATER 11 THE AMERICAS ON THE EVE OF INVASION

QuestionAnswer
Toltecs Nomadic peoples from beyond the northern frontier of the sedentary agricultural area in Mesoamerica; established capital of Tula following migration into central Mesoamerican plateau; strongly militaristic ethic including cult of human sacrifice.
Toltec culture Succeeded Teotihuacan culture in central Mexico; Nahuatlspeaking people; established political control over large territory after 1000 c.e.; declined after 1200 c.e.
Aztecs The Mexica; one of the nomadic tribes that used political anarchy after fall of Toltecs to penetrate into the sedentary agricultural zone of Mesoamerican plateau; established empire after 1325 around shores of Lake Texcoco.
Tlaloc Major god of Aztecs; associated with fertility and the agricultural cycle; god of rain.
Tlatelolco Originally a separate island city in Lake Texcoco; later incorporated into Tenochtitlan; market remained most important in combined city.
calpulli Seven clans in Aztec society, later expanded to more than sixty; divided into residential groupings that distributed land and provided labor and warriors.
cannibal kingdom Modern interpretation of Aztec society created by Marvin Harris; based on observation that Mesoamerica lacked cattle and sheep that replaced human sacrifice in the Old World.
Topiltzin Religious leader and reformer of the Toltecs; dedicated to god Quetzalcoatl; after losing struggle for power, went into exile in the Yucatan peninsula.
quipu System of knotted strings utilized by the Incas in place of a writing system; could contain numerical and other types of information for censuses and financial records.
Huitzilopochtli Aztec tribal patron god; central figure of cult of human sacrifice and warfare; identified with old sun god.
chinampas Beds of aquatic weeds, mud, and earth placed in frames made of cane and rooted in lakes to create "floating islands"; system of irrigated agriculture utilized by Aztecs.
Inca Group of clans centered at Cuzco that were able to create empire in Andean civilization c. 1438.
Inca socialism A view created by Spanish authors to describe Inca society as a type of utopia; image of the Inca Empire as a carefully organized system in which every community collectively contributed to the whole.
Twantinsuyu Word for Inca Empire; region from present-day Colombia to Chile and eastward to northern Argentina.
mitmaq Inca colonists in new regions; could be Quechua-speakers; used to pacify new conquest or conquered population moved to new home.
ayllus Households in Andean societies that recognized some form of kinship; traced descent from some common, sometimes mythical ancestor.
Chichen Itzá Originally a Mayan city; conquered by Toltecs c. 1000 and ruled by Toltec dynasties; architecture featured pyramid of Feathered Serpent
Tenochtitlan Founded c. 1325 on marshy island in Lake Texcoco; became center of Aztec power; joined with Tlacopan and Texcoco in 1434 to form a triple alliance that controlled most of central plateau of Mesoamerica.
Quetzalcoatl Toltec deity; Feathered Serpent; adopted by Aztecs as a major god.
pochteca Special merchant class in Aztec society; specialized in long-distance trade in luxury items.
Pachacuti Ruler of Inca society from 1438 to 1471; launched a series of military campaigns that gave Incas control of the region from Cuzco to the shores of Lake Titicaca.
split inheritance Inca practice of descent; all titles and political power went to successor, but wealth and land remained in hands of male descendants for support of cult of dead Inca's mummy.
mita Labor extracted for lands assigned to the state and the religion; all communities were expected to contribute; an essential aspect of Inca imperial control.
Created by: mcdougcf
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