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History Chapters 3-4
history
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What are indias 3 topographical zones? | The northern mountainous zone,the indus and ganges basin, and the peninsula |
| What does ahimsa mean? | nonviolence |
| What are the two main cities of the indus valley? | Harrappa and Mohenjo-daro |
| What makes it hard to unite india? | the geographical diversity |
| What is the Indus Valley civilization known for? | Well planned cities |
| What did the people of the Indus Valley have better access to than egyptions and mesopotamians? | metal |
| What technological achievements did the Indus Valley people have? | Irrigation system, potter's wheel, kiln-baked bricks,a sophicsticated bronze metallurgy, and a system of writing. |
| What were the earliest crops in the Indus Valley? | Wheat and Barley. |
| Where does the Indus originate? | the Himalayas |
| What year was the Indus completely abandoned? | 1500 bc |
| What river dried up causing the end of the Indus Valley civilization? | Hakra River |
| Who moved into India after the Indus? | Indo-europeans called the Aryans |
| What lead to the creation of the system of varna? | The struggle between Aryas and Dasas |
| What is the varna system also called? | The castes system |
| People were born into these four varnas | Brahmin, Kshatriya, Vaishya, Shudra |
| Who were the Untouchables? | They were outside the varna system and consisted of persons who did demeaning or ritually polluting work. |
| What are jati's? | varnas subdivided into hereditary occupational groups |
| What is an indivduals immortal spirit called? | atman |
| What does the positions a person will have in their next life depend on? | Karma |
| As the aryans moved further into india, they estabished many what? who led these? who was the main leader? | Chiefdoms. Rajas. Maharaja |
| What did Vedic religion emphasize on? | male deities through sacrifice |
| Two of the most important gods in the Vedic religion? | Indra, god of war. Varuna, god of the sky, oceans, law and underworld |
| After awhile, the Vedic religion focused less on ritual and more on what? | mysticiam as Vedic ideas combined with Dravidian religious ideas |
| What is Moshka? | unification with Brahman by escaping the constint path of reincarntation |
| Reincarnation is regulated by what? | Karma |
| The amount of lives a person has is what? | Samsara |
| Samsara and Karma are determined by what? | A person's dharma |
| Dharma is determined by what? | The varnas system |
| What was the primary role of women in the Vedic society? | bear children and mantain the household |
| What is Sati? | ritualistic sucide where women threw themselves on a funeral pyre. |
| What happened to peole who reacted rigedly to the Vedic social hierarchy and the monopoly of the brahmins? | they would withdrawl into forests and try to achieve Moksha. |
| Who founed Jainism? | Mahavira |
| What was the main idea of Jainism? | the idea that everything in the universe has a soul |
| Going to extremes to not kill any living thing is called? | ahimsa |
| Jainists did not recognize what? | social hierarchies |
| Who founded buddism? | Siddhartha Gautama |
| What does Buddha mean? | Enlightened one |
| What was the basis of the Eightfold path? | The four noble truths |
| What did the original form of buddism center on? | individuals attempt to gain enlightenment |
| What were buddists goal? | to achieve nirvana |
| What is nirvana? | the release of the cycle of birth, death, and rebirth. |
| What two major schools did Buddhism break into? | Mahyana and Theravada |
| Mahayana elevated Buddha to what and promoted who? | God status. bodhisattvas |
| Who major school followed the orginial teaching of Buddha closer? | Theravada |
| Buddhism appealed to who? | Lower members of the Castes System |
| Buddhism became popular during the rule of who? | Ashoka |
| Pressure from new relious movements like Jainism and Buddhism led to the reform of the old Vedic religion, causing what religion to become popular? | Hinduism |
| What became less important with the formation of hinduism and what increased? | sacrifice. personal devontion to gods. |
| What two vedic deities took the places of honor in the Hindu pantheon? | Vishnu, the preserver and Shiva, the destroyer. |
| What became one of the most popular pilgrimeage sites? | The Ganges River |
| What was the most popular and dominent religion in India? | Hinduism |
| What are the two major geographical regions China is divided in to? | the steppe, desert, and high plateau west and northwest;eastern zone, known for agriculture |
| The eastern zone is subdivide into what two areas? | north,includes yellow river valley and has a dry cold climate; the south, includes yangtze valley has a lot of rainfall and is warm |
| What are chinas natural resources? | millet, rice, timber, stone, and metals. |
| What was pre-Shang china like? | a land of neolithic communities centered around the Yellow River. |
| What was the first dynasty in China? | Xia |
| Where did the Shang dynasty start? | In the yellow river valley, later expanded to include territory from Mongolia to Gansu |
| Who was Shang China dominated by? | Warriors as large agricultural surpluses provided the capability of maintaining large armies. |
| What technology did Shang China have? | It included the use of bronze for weapons, horse drawn chariot, the use of water buffalo, and extensive civil engineering projects. |
| What are oracle bones? | Oracle bones were animal bones that were inscribed with a question subjected to heat |
| Who defeated Shang China in the twelfth century BCE? | The Zhou |
| What did the "Mandate of Heaven" give the Zhou dynasty? | "right to rule" |
| What two periods in the Zhou divided into? | The western zhou and the eastern zhou |
| What did the fading of the elites result in? | the seperation of religion and government |
| What did the Western Zhou develop? | a model of government that defined kingship. a form of feudalism where a lord owned nine lands. one for him and 8 for families to farm. |
| What was the Eastern Zhou chacterized by? | The decline of central government as reional elites began to rule their territories as independent states, often fighting with eachother. |
| What are technological innovations of the Eastern Zhou? | the construction of long walls for defense, iron and steel metallurgy, and horse riding. |
| What started being produced during the Zhou dynasty? | Books |
| What is the Zhou era known as? | the era in which influential political philosophies were developed. |
| What is legalism? | it assumes that human nature is essentially wicked and selfish, and that people will only behave if they are ruled by strict laws and harsh punishments. |
| What is Confucianism? | establish political and social order |
| What are the four main values of Confucianism? | a sense of humanity, kindess and benevolence; a sense of propriety, courtesy, respect, and deference to elders; filial piety/family obligation; and cultivation of a "superior individual." |
| What became the dominant political philosophy of China? | Confucianism |
| What is Daoism? | Daoism was founded by Laozi and it assumes the universe is in constant flux, that there are no absolute moral standards, and that people should take the world as they find it. |
| Who symbolizes Daoism? | Yin and Yang |
| Daoism is an alternative to what? | Confucianism and Legalism. |
| Early ruling elites in China cosumed huge amounts of what? | Bronze |
| Who made up the majority of the population in China? | Peasents |
| Early dynasties ruled through what type of groups? | Family and Kinship. |
| Who defeated the Zhou? | Nomads in 711. |
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