Help
Options
Didn't know it?
click below
click below
Knew it?
click below
click below
Don't Know
Remaining cards (0)
Know
retry
shuffle
restart
0:00
Embed Code - If you would like this activity on your web page, copy the script below and paste it into your web page.
Normal Size Small Size show me how
Normal Size Small Size show me how
Infectious disease_P
Poola's 2nd exam review- infectious diease and epidemiology
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| • Infectious disease | “An illness due to a specific infectious agent or its toxic products that arises through transmission of that agent or its products from an infected person, animal, or reservoir to a susceptible host, either directly or indirectly through an intermediate |
| • Parasitic disease | An infection caused by a parasite, which “…is an organism that lives on or in a host organism and gets its food from or at the expense of its host.” Example: amebiasis |
| • Epidemiologic triangle | agent, host, environment |
| - agent | A factor—such as a microorganism, chemical substance, or form of radiation—whose presence, excessive presence, or (in deficiency diseases) relative absence is essential for the occurrence of a disease….” |
| - Host | A person or other living animal, including birds and arthropods, that affords subsistence or lodgment to an infectious agent under natural conditions |
| - Environment | The domain in which disease-causing agents may exist, survive, or originate |
| • infectious disease agents | bacteria, rickettsia, viruses, fungi, parasites, and prions• vector: any animate living insect or animals that is involved with transmission of disease agent |
| • vector | any animate living insect or animals that is involved with transmission of disease agent |
| • Infectivity | The capacity of an agent to enter and multiply in a susceptible host and thus produce infection or disease |
| • Virulence | severity of the disease produced, i.e., whether the disease has severe clinical manifestations or is fatal in a large number of cases. |
| • Toxin | Some infectious disease agents, instead of acting directly, produce a toxin that causes illness. usually refers to a toxic substance made by living organisms. ( botulism) |
| • Immunity | refers to the host’s ability to resist infection by the agent ( may be active or passive) |
| • Antigen | A substance that stimulates antibody formation, e.g., a microbial agent |
| • Herd immunity | The resistance of an entire community to an infectious agent as a result of the immunity of a large proportion of individuals in that community to the agent |
| • Incubation period | Time interval between invasion by an infectious agent and the appearance of the first sign or symptom of the disease• |
| Subclinical Infection= inapparent infection | An infection that does not show obvious clinical signs or symptomseg. hepatitis A infections among children |
| Generation Time | The time interval between lodgment of an infectious agent in a host and the maximal communicability of the host |
| Carrier | “A person or animal that harbors a specific infectious agent without discernible clinical disease, and which serves as a potential source of infection.” |
| Index Case | Used in an epidemiologic investigation of a disease outbreak to denote the first case of a disease to come to the attention of authorities |
| The first case of a disease to come to the attention of authorities is the | index case |
| Endemic | a infectious disease agent that is habitually present in an environment (either geographic or population group)Example: Plague is endemic among certain species of rodents in the western U.S |
| Reservoir | A place where infectious agents normally live and multiplyCan be human beings, animals, insects, soils, or plants |
| Zoonosis | An infection or infectious agent transmissible under natural conditions from vertebrate animals to humans |
| portal of exit | site from which the agent leaves that person's body eg. respiratory passages, alimentary canal, genitourinary system, skin lesions |
| vehicle-borne infections | result from contact with vehicles- contaminated, nonmoving obejcts (fomites, unsanitary food, impure water) |
| portal of entry | site where the agent enters the body eg. skin wound |
| fomite | an inanimate object that carries infectious disease agents eg. classroom doorknob, discarded tissues |
| airborne infections | invove the spread of droplet nuclei (particles) that are present in the air eg. infections caused by stirring up dust that carries fungi or microbes |
| vector-borne infection | transmission of an infectious disease agent may happen when the vector feeds on a susceptible host |
| vector | an animate, living insect or animal that is involved with the transmission of disease agents |
| sexually transmitted diseases examples | HIV/AIDS, gonococcal infections, chlamydial genital infections |
| foodborne illness | biologic agents of foodborne illness include bacteria, parasites, viruses, and prions ( linked to mad cow disease) |
| bacterial agents | campylobacter, clostridium botulinum, salmonella |
| vector-borne disease examples | bacterial: lyme disease (tick)arthropod-borne (arboviral) disease: eastern equine encephalitis ( mosquito)parasitic disease: malaria (mosquito) |
| vaccine-Preventable diseases (VPDs) | conditions that can be prevented by vaccination ( immunization) eg. diptheria, tetanus, whooping cough, hep A and B |
| zoonotic disease | diseases transmitted from vertebrae animals to human beings eg. rabies, antrhax, avian influenza, hantavirus pulmonary syndrome, toxoplasmosis, tularemia ( rabbit fever) |
| Emerging Infectious Diseases (Emerging Infections) | an infectious disease that has newly appeared in a population or that has been known for some time but is rapidly increasing in incidence or geographic range eg. hepatitis, E.coli O157:H7 |
| Bioterrorism-Related Diseases | aka. bioterrorism attack, the deliberate release of viruses, bacteria, or other germs used to cause illness or death in people, animals, or plants eg.anthrax |
| epidemic curve | a graphing plotting of the distribution of cases by time of onset. may reflect a common-source epidemic or a point-source epidemic |
| methods of outbreak investigation | clinical observations, epidemic curve, incubation period, attack rate, case mapping, hypothesis formulation and confirmation, draw conclusion |
| Case mapping | Some investigations may use computer software to show the location of cases. |
| Hypotheses | Using the information that has been gathered, the epidemiologist may formulate a hypothesis regarding the causative agent. |
| Draw a conclusion | Plan for the prevention of future outbreaks. |
| surveillance | primary way to track diseases over time, allowing us to compare places, time periods, and assess presence of outbreaks; ongoing, systematic collection, analysis, interpretation of data regarding health-related event for use and to improve health |
| cancer research, health services access, environmental exposure, behavior, adverse events following receipt of drugs, vaccines etc | surveillance can be used in |
| characteristics of a good surveillance system | simplicity, flexibility, data quality, acceptability, sensitivity, predictive value positive, representativeness, timeliness, stability |
| biases encountered by surveillance system | reporting bias, interviewer bias, ascertainment bias, volunteer bias, other selection biases, social desirability bias, misclassification, due to issues with case definition |
Created by:
yseo
Popular Medical sets