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Pathology 1-2
Duke PA pathology
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| How can radiation affect cells? | damage cell membranes and DNA |
| What are the six morphologic responses to non-lethal injury? | atrophy, hypertrophy, hyperplasia, metaplasia, dysplasia, intracellular storage |
| Morphology | study of shape |
| Atrophy | decrease in size, and often function, of cells, generally associated with a decrease in size and/or function of a tissue or organ |
| What are some causes of atrophy? | disuse of muscle, decreased blood supply, inadequate nutrition, loss of endocrine stimulation, loss of growth factors |
| What are the two types of disuse atrophy of muscle? | voluntary or denervation-induced |
| Hypertrophy | increase in size of cells, due to an increase in the amount of protein and organelles, which results in an increase in the size of the tissue or organ |
| Examples of mechanical stimulus in hypertrophy | cardiac and skeletal muscle hypertrophy |
| example of growth factor stimuluation in hypertrophy | endocrine stimulation at puberty, pregnancy |
| Example of increase functional demand in hypertrophy | unilateral nephrectomy |
| What are the three causes of hypertrophy? | mechanical stimulus, growth factor stimulation, increased functional demand |
| hyperplasia | increase in number of cells in organ or tissue |
| Causes of hyperplasia | growth factor stimulation: endocrine or stress-induced, viral-induced |
| example of growth factor stimuluation in hyperplasia | endometrial proliferation w/ menstrual cycle, callus formation during bone healing, erythroid hyperlasia under chronic hypoxic conditions |
| example of viral-induced hyperplasia | warts |
| metaplasia | replacement of one differentiated cell type with another |
| What is the main cause of metaplasia? | chronic irritation |
| What are examples of chronic irriation in metaplasia? | respiratory tract of smokers, cervix of sexually active females, esophagus in response to gastric acid |
| dysplasia | abnormal or disorderly growth, recognized by a change in size, shape, and/or organization of cells within a tissue |
| What can dysplasia be a precursor to? | cancer |
| What are examples of intracellular storage? | lipid accumulation in hepatocytes, anthracotic pigment in alveolar macrophages, lipofuscin |
| Lipofuscin | aging related pigment, "stuff in the cytoplasm that can't get broken down" |
| Antracotic | black particles, from smoke and other things |
| What is the most common genetic disease in the US? | hemochromatosis |
| What does hemochromatosis cause? | systemic overload of iron |
| How do organ or tissue dysfunction occur? | as the result of the cumulative impact of injury to individual cells |
| What is a good way to understand disease processes? | focus on individual cells and their response to noxious stimuli |
| How can acute cell injury manifest itself? | in many different ways, some of which are fully reversible and some of which are not |
| Can cells exhibit persistent dysfunction after noxious stimulus is over and still fully recover over time? | yes |
| What is an example of cells being permanently injured without affecting their viability directly? | radiation - prevent cells from dividing without killing them |
| What does cell injury but intact viability result in? | lag between cell injury and organ dysfunction |
| **go back to slide 55*** | |
| necrosis | a morphologic expression of cell death |
| What happens to the cellular structure in necrosis? | progressive disintegration |
| What is necrosis generally initiated by? | overwhelming stress |
| What does necrosis generally elicit? | acute inflammatory cell response |
| Apoptosis | an alternate pathway of cell deaht, called "programmed cell death" or "physiologic cell death" |
| What is apoptosis controlled by? | specific genes |
| What happens to DNA and nucleus in apoptosis? | fragmentation of DNA and nucleus |
| What is the process of apoptosis? | blebs form and "apoptotic bodies" are released, "apoptotic bodies" phagocytized, no neutrophils |
| What are the pathologic states where apoptosis may be important? | embryogenesis, withdrawal of trophic hormones, growth factors, ionizing radiation, free radical generation, mild thermal injury, steroids |
| How can apoptosis be important in viral infection? | potent defense mechanism against virus - some viruses encode proteins to block apoptosis |
| In AIDS, what may be mediating loss of CD4+ T lymphocytes? | apoptosis |
| How is apoptosis involved in cell-mediated immunity? | cytotoxic T lymphocytes can kill target cells by inducing apoptosis |
| How is apoptosis important in autoimmune disease? | removal of autoreactive immature lymphocytes is by apoptosis |
| What types of cell death may be involved in degenerative diseases of the central nervous system? | apoptosis |
| How may apoptosis be important in neoplasia? | eliminating cells with genetic defects + inhibition of apoptosis may contribute to prolonged life span of malignant cells |
| What size of areas does necrosis usually affect? | large areas - contiguous cells |
| What size of areas does apoptosis usually affect? | scattered individual cells |
| When is control of intracellular environment lost in necrosis? | early |
Created by:
ges13
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