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Pathology 1-1
Duke PA pathology
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Pathology | Study of disease, focusing on physiologic, gross and microscopic morpholic changes in cells reacting to injury |
| Disease | "an impairment of the normal state of the living animal or plant body that affects the performance of the vital functions" |
| Etiology | cause of diseases |
| Idipathic | unknown etiology |
| latrogenic | "provider induced" |
| pathogenesis | is a description of the mechanisms by which disease develop |
| sign | objective evidence (a perceptible change) that signals disease |
| symptom | a patient's subjective experience or interpretation of the disease |
| syndrome | a group of signs and or symptoms that characteristically occur together as a part of a single disease process |
| pathognomonic | a sign, symptom of characteristic of a disease that leads to its accurate diagnosis |
| prognosis | reasonable predictions about the course of a disease or process taking into account the natural history, the expected effects of therapy and particular factors specific for the individual case |
| paraenchyma | functional elements of an organ e.g., myocardial cell of the heart, neuron of the brain |
| stroma | framework or support elements of an organ e.g., connective tissue |
| lesion | any pathological abnormality of tissue structure or function |
| What does disease result from? | cumulative effects of injury to individual cells |
| How do different cell types respond to stress? | differently |
| How do consequences of cell injury differ? | depends on cell type |
| How do cells interact with their environment? | they are not static, must be able to adapt |
| What do cells need to perform functions and maintain viability? | energy |
| Deficiency | lack of necessary substance |
| Types of deficiency | nutritional deficiency, inability to absorb or utilize nutrients, genetic defect leading to inadequate production or regulation |
| Intoxication | presence of a substance that interferes with cell function |
| Examples of endogenous intoxication | genetic defect, accumulation of metabolite |
| Examples of exogenous intoxication | infectious agents, chemicals, drugs (illegal and prescription) |
| Trauma | loss of structural integrity |
| Examples of trauma | hypothermia, hyperthermia, mechanical pressure, infections |
| Hypothermia | formation of ice crystals |
| hyperthermia | denaturation or oxidation of proteins |
| infections in trauma | cell rupture or lysis |
| hypoxia | state of tissue or cell oxygen deficiency |
| ischemia | oxygen deprivation due to lack of blood flow |
| What do cells need oxygen? | anearobic glycolysis = 2 ATP vs. oxidative phosphorylation = 36 ATP |
| What happens to cellular metabolism in state of hypoxia? | switches to anaerobic glycolysis as the primary source of energy |
| What happens if O2 is lacking because of ischemia? | inflow of substrate decreases and efflux of metabolic end-products slows - no incoming glucose, no taking out of waste products - toxic to cell |
| What do hypoxic cells consume first? | energy reserves |
| Energy reservers | creatine phosphates in muscle, adenine nucleotides break down |
| What happens to anaerobic glycolysis in state of hypoxia? | increase, with accumulation of lactic acid and inorganic phosphate |
| What cellular processes are impacted first during hypoxia? | ion transport |
| What happens when there is not enough energy to man ion pumps? | concentration gradient takes over |
| What is Na+/K+ ATPase needed for? | keep intracellular Na+ from rising |
| What happens when ion pump is off? | Na+ comes in and water follows |
| What happens to tissue osmolality when there is not enough energy for ion pumps to function? | increases due to catabolism within ischemic cells, water flows in passively |
| What is one of the first signs of ischemia? | swelling of the cell |
| Where does lipid accumulation occur the most? | liver |
| How does lipid accumulation affect lipoprotein synthesis? | impaired lipoprotein synthesis (ethanol, protein malnutrition) |
| How does lipid accumulation affect fatty acid oxidation? | decreased fatty acid oxidation (hypoxia) |
| How does lipid accumulation affect liberation of fat? | increased liberation of fat from peripheral stores (starvation) |
| How does starvation accumulate fat in liver? | fat stores in body are liberated and liver picks them up |
| What are the manifestations of cell injury? | acute cessation of specialized functions, persistent impairment of function after cessation of noxious stimulus, loss of ability to replicate |
| What are the three main mechanisms of cell injury? | deficiency, intoxication, trauma |
Created by:
ges13
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