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Ch 4,5,6
ZELMAN Human Diseases 6th ed
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What are the 3 stages of cancer devolopment in chronological order? | Initiation, Promotion and Progression |
| Why are cancer cells sensitive to radiation therapy and chemotherapy? | Because cancer cells are dividing all the time |
| How often should women have breast self-exams? | once a month |
| What is the normal sex chromosome of a normal male? | XY |
| How many chromosomes do humans have? | 46 |
| Why do sex-linked diseases affect men more than women? | Because they have an X chromosome |
| What are two colors that color blind people cannot distinguish? | Red and Green |
| What facilitates blood clotting? | Vitamin K |
| What occurs with the deficiency or toxicity of potassium? | cardiac arrest |
| Do benign tumors metastasize? | No |
| What are examples of carcinogens? | cigarettes, asbestos |
| What is a risk factor for some types of cancers? | environment |
| Cancer is the 2nd most common cause of death in the US. | true |
| What contributes to the integrity of mucous membranes? | Vitamin A |
| What happens when children are weaned too quickly from breast milk? | Kwashiorkor |
| Does the lack of calcium cause goiter | No |
| What does DNA contain? | genetic information |
| When does the incidence of Down syndrome increase? | with the mother's age |
| Turner's Syndrome | one of the sex chromosomes is missing resulting in karyotype of 45, XO, indicating the presence of 45 chromosomes, with only one X chromosome. |
| A person should apply sunscreen of at least | 15 spf |
| What stands as a warning sign of cancer? | caution |
| Biopsy is | surgical removal and examination under a microscope. |
| What is nightblindness caused by? | A lack of Vitamin A |
| What does lack of Vitamin D in adults result in? | osteomalacia |
| What are bleeding gums cause by? | a lack of Vitamin C |
| What is weak muscle a sign of? | Vitamin D deficiency |
| What are congenital diseases? | those appearing @ birth or shortly after |
| What is an example of a familial disease? | Diabetes |
| What % chance does a female carrier of a sex-linked trait have of transmitting it to her offspring? | 50% |
| adenoma | benign tumor of a gland |
| neoplasm | mass of cells that grow more rapidly that normal cells |
| promotion | altered cells that proliferate and bear a resemblance to benign neoplasms |
| chromosomes | DNA assembled into these units |
| hermaphrodite | individuals who have both testes and ovaries |
| amniocentesis | small amount of smniotic fluid that is withdrawn for testing |
| scurvy | disease due to Vitamin C deficiency |
| hypercalcemia | excessive Vitamin D |
| osteomalacia | bone disease in adults caused by lack of Vitamin D; softening of the bones |
| rickets | deficient bones in children that develops when Vitamin D is deficient and can be devoloped by diet |
| hemophiliac | person who blees for long periods of time |
| cyst | sac or capsule containing fluid, usually harmless |
| sarcoma | highly malignant connective tissue tumors |
| ____cancer is the most lethal of all gynecological cancers. | ovarian |
| Cancer cells develop from normal cells throught a complex process called____. | transformation |
| Direct visualization techniques or____are used to assess specific locations and to obtain a tissue biopsy. | endoscopy |
| A benign tumor on a gland or____can stimulate oversecretion of a hormone in the structure from which it develops | adenoma |
| ____cell carcinomas appear on skin that is visibly damaged as rough, flaky, red scales, with or without ulceration. | squamous |
| ____are malignant neoplasms derived from pigment producing cells | melanomas |
| ____are benign brain tumors that occur in the membranes that surroung the brain. | meningiomas |
| ____is the second phase of malignant transformation whereby initiated cells proliferate and resemble benign neoplasms. | promotion |
| A____or tumor is a mass of cells that grow more rapidly that normal cells. | neoplasm |
| ____is the systemic administration of medications to kill tumor cells | chemotherapy |
| Cancer signs and symptoms are often mistaken for signs of other, less-threatening diseases | True |
| Tobacco use is a major preventable cause of disease and premature death in the U.S. | True |
| Malignant tumors do not recur after removal | False benign tumors |
| At least 1/3 of all cancers can be attributed to living habits and carcinogens in the environment | True |
| Lipomas occur more often in men than in women. | False women do |
| A nagging cough or hoarseness can be a non-specific warning sign of cancer | true |
| a malignant neoplsm is usually localized to a tissue or organ | false a benign neoplasm |
| Adenocarcinoma is the most common type of lung cancer that occurs in nonsmokers | true |
| Tumor of the muscle | myoma |
| bloody sputum | heomoptysis |
| cancers of blood forming tissue | leukemia |
| used to detect breast cancer | mammography |
| a change in genetic material prepares the cell to become cancerous | initiation |
| swallowing difficulties | dysphagia |
| cancer cachexia | nutritional wasting |
| non-cancerous | benign neoplasm |
| tumor marker measured in blood | PSA |
| highly malignant connective tissue tumors that originate muscle, fat, bone, and blood vessels | sarcoma |
| The allele for color blindness is on the__chromosome. | X |
| Some alleles always produce an effect and are said to be____. | dominant |
| ____is a multi-systemic disease resulting from the dysfunction of the gene that codes for the connective tissue protein fibrillin | Marfan syndrome |
| ____involves removing cells from the villi through the cervix. | Chronic Billus Sampling |
| DNA is assembled into units called____. | chromosomes |
| In____the person's sex chromosomes are XXY. | Klinefelter's Syndrome |
| ____is identified by a break, or weakness, on the long arm of the X chromosome. | Fragile X syndrome |
| ____are alternate forms of a gene. | Alleles |
| ____is the failure of two chromosomes to separate as the gametes, either the egg or the sperm, are beign formed. | Nondisjunction |
| Familial hypercholesterolemia is a common cause of cardiovascular disease in the U.S. | True |
| A female may have the sex-linked disease if she is homozygous for the recessive gene. | True |
| There are no treatments available for the hereditary diseases | False |
| Sickle cell anemia is an autosomal recessive disorder | True |
| Autosomes determine gender | False |
| People with hemophilia do not bleed more profusely or bleed faster than normal; they bleed for a longer period of time | True |
| If one parent is normal for a particular condition, each child has a 50% chance of being affected and manifesting the genetic defect | True |
| Sex cells divide by a process called mitosis | False |
| Phenylketonuria is caused by an autosomal dominant allele | False |
| Alleles that always produce an effect are said to be dominant | True |
| Only manifest themselves when the person is homozygous for the trait | recessive allele |
| An enzyme deficiency cause abnormal lipid metabolism in the brain, which results in progressive mental and physical retardation | Tay-sachs |
| Extra fingers or toes | polydactyly |
| XO karyotype | Turner's Syndrome |
| Identical alleles | homozygous |
| Diseases manifest theselves only when a person is homozygous for the defective allele | Autosomal recessive diseases |
| cartilage formation in the fetus is defective | achondroplasia |
| lack the enzyme necessary to convert galactose, a sugar derived from lactose in milk, to glucose | galactosemia |
| different alleles | heterozygous |
| a deletion of part of the short arm of choromosome 5 | Cri du chat syndrome |
| ___is the most common nutritional deficiency in the world | Iron Deficiency Anemia |
| Nearly___of adult Americans are overwight or obes despite published recommendation for healthy eating and healthy lifestyles | 1/3 |
| ____works with calcium to support bone and tooth formation, nerve conduction, and muscle contractions | magnesium |
| ____is required for absorption of clalcium and phosphorus from the gastrointestinal tract and for mineralization of bone | Vitamin D |
| ____are chemical compounds consumed in food that are required for vital cellular processes that ensure growth and development, recovery from illness, and prevention of chronic disease | Nutrients |
| ___are inorganic metals that do not furnish energy | minerals |
| Dietary vitamin C is required to prevent and to treat____ | scurvy |
| ____is caused by inadequate intake of carbohydrates, fats, proteins, minerals, and water | PEM (Protein Energy Malnutrition) |
| ____, though not an esssential mineral, is necessary for the prevention of dental carries | Fluorine |
| There are approximately___nutrients that are required by the human body | 40 |
| More that 300 candidate genes have been identified that influence obesity in humans | True |
| In acute fluorine toxicity, irrecular chalky withe patches occur on the surface of the teeth | True |
| The primary manifestation of vitamin E deficiency is hemolytic anemia | true |
| obesity is the leadiing preventable cause of death among adults in the U.S. | False |
| Excess calcium is excreted through the bile produced by the liver | false |
| vitamin K deficiency is common in adults | false |
| Health care costs associated with obesity amount to nearly $100 biliion annually within the U.S. | True |
| Most large controlled research studies fail to demonstrate the value of vitamin C in the treatment or prevention of the common cold | True |
| the thyroid gland stores about 80% of the iodide that is ingested | True |
| Children raised in families with one overweight parent have a 80% chance of becoming overweight as an adult. | False |
| Can be syntehsized from the amino acid tryptophan | Niacin |
| Vitamin D deficiency in children | Rickets |
| Organic compounds that have important functions in metabolic reations that result in the release or storage of energy from carbohydrates, fats, and proteins | Vitamins |
| Functions as a coenzyme in gas exchange and in fat and carbohydrate metabolism | Biotin |
| Antioxidant protects tissues against free radicals | Vitamin C |
| Required for synthesis of coagulation factors within the liver | Vitamin K |
| Serves as a component in protein, lipid, and carbohydrate metabolism and fro red blood cell synthesis | Folic Acid |
| Inorganic elements that do not provide energy, but are needed for a number of anabolic and catabolic biochemical reactions within the body | Minerals |
| An important regulator for muscle activity and transmission of nerve impulses | Potassium |
| Combines with opsin to form rhodopsin, a pigment receptor that absorbs light in the rods of the retina in the eye | Vitamin A |
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