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Stack #271012
Ch.6:The First Global Civilization: The Rise and Spread of Islam
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Islam | major world religion having its origins in 610 A.D. in the Arabian peninsula; meaning literally submission; based on prophecy of Muhammad |
| Khadijah | first wife of the prophet Muhammad, who had worked for her as a trader |
| Ali | cousin and son-in-law of Muhammad; one of the orthodox caliphs; focus for Shi'a |
| Muhammad | prophet of Islam; born c. 570 to Banu Hashim clan of Quraysh tribe in Mecca; raised by father's family; recieved revelations from Allah in 610 A.D. and thereafter; died in 632 A.D. |
| hadiths | traditions of the prophet Muhammad |
| Shi'a | also known as Shi'ites; political theological division within Islam; followers of Ali |
| Karbala | site of defeat and death of Husayn, son of Ali; marked beginning of Shi'a resistance to Umayyad caliphate |
| Ka'ba | most revered religios shrine in pre-Islamic Arabia; located in Mecca; focus of obligatory annual truce among bedouin tribes; later incorporated as important shrine in Islam |
| Uthman | third caliph and member of Umayyad clam; murdered by mutinous warriors returning from Egypt; death set off civil war in Islam between followers of Ali and the Umayyad clan |
| dhows | Arab sailing vessels with triangular of lateen sails; strongly influenced European ship design |
| Nestorians | a Christian sect found in Asia; tended to support Islamic invasions of this are in preference to Byzantine rule; cut off from Europe by Muslim invasions |
| Muslim | follower of Islam |
| Abu Bakr [uh bU bak uhr] | one of Muhammad's earliest converts; succeeded Muhammad as first caliph of Islamic community |
| wazir | Chier administrative official under the Abbasid caliphate; initially recruited from Persian provinces of empire |
| Allah | supreme God in strictly monotheistic Islam |
| Damascus | Syrian city that was capital of Umayyad caliphate |
| shaykhs [shAYks] | leaders of tribes and clans within bedouin society; usually men with large herds, several wives, and many children |
| Battle of River Zab | Victory of Abbasis over Umayyad;s resulted in conquest of Syria and capture of Umayyad capital |
| bedouin | nomadic pastorialists of the Arabian peninsula; culture based on camel and goat nomadism; early converts to Islam |
| zakat | tax for charity; obligatory for all Muslims |
| Ridda Wars | wars that followed Muhammad's death in 632; resulted in defeat of rival prophets and some of larger clans; restored unity of Islam |
| Mu'awiya [mU S wEE S] | leader of Umayyad clan; first Umayyad caliph following civil war with Ali |
| Mecca | city located in mountainous region along Red Sea in Arabian peninsula; founded by Umayyad clan of Quraysh; site of Ka'ba; original home of Muhammad; location of chief religious pilgrimage point in Islam |
| Qur'an | recitations of revelations received by Muhammad; holy book of Islam |
| Battle of Siffin | fought in 657 between forces of Ali and Umayyads; settled by negotiation that led to fragmentation of Ali's party |
| umma | community of the faithful within Islam' transcended old tribal boundaries to create degree of political unity |
| dhimmi | literally "people of the book"; applied as unclusive term to Jews and Christians in Islamic territories; later extended to Zoroastrians and even Hindus |
| jizya [jiz yuh] | head tax paid by all nonbelievers in Islamic territores |
| Sunnis | political and theological division within Islam |
| caliph | the political and religious successor to Muhammad |
| Medina | also known as Yathrib; town located northeast of Mecca; grew date palms whose fruit was sold to bedouins; became refuge for Muhammad following flight from Mecca (hijra) |
| Copts | Christian sect of Egypt; tended to support Islamic invasion of this area in reference to Byzantine rule |
| five pillars | the obligatory religious duties of all Muslims; confession of faith, prayer, fasting during Ramadan, zakat, and hajj |
| Quraysh [koor Ish] | tribe of bedouins that contolled Mecca in 7th century A.D. |
| Ramadan | Islamic month of religious observance requiring fasting from dawn to sunset |
| Umayyad [U mL yad] | clan of Quraysh that dominated politics and commercial economy of Mecca; clan later able to establish dynasty as rulers |
| al-Ghazali | brilliant Islamic thologian; struggled to fuse Greek and Qur'anic traditions; not entirely accepted by ulama |
| Baghdad | capital of Abbasid dynasty located in Iraq near ancient Persian capital of Ctesophon |
| mawali | non-Arab converts to Islam |
| ayan | the wealthy landed elite that emerged in the early decades of Abbasid rule |
| jihad | struggle often used for wars in defense of the faith |
Created by:
NicaGurl12
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