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APHG 11e Ch 9
Rubenstein APHG Chapter 9 & 11 Vocab
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Active solar energy systems | Solar energy systems that collects energy through the use of mechanical devices such as photovoltaic cells or flat plate collectors. |
| Adolescent fertility rate | The number of births per 1,000 women ages 15 to 19. |
| Biomass fuel | Fuel that derives from plant material and animal waste. |
| Breeder reactor | A nuclear power plant that creates its own fuel from plutonium. |
| Demand | The quantity of something that consumers are willing and able to buy. |
| Developed country (more developed country [MDC]) | A country that has progressed relatively far along a continuum of development. |
| Developing country (less developed country [LDC]) | A country that is at a relatively early stage in the process of economic development. |
| Development | A process of improvement in the material conditions of people through diffusion of knowledge and technology. |
| Fair trade | Trade that emphasizes small businesses and worker-owned and democratically run cooperatives and requires employers to pay workers fair wages, permit union organization, and comply with minimum environmental and safety standards. |
| Femable labor force participation rate | The percentage of women holding full-time jobs outside the home. |
| Fission | The splitting of an atomic nucleus to release energy. |
| Foreign direct investment (FDI) | Investment made by a foreign company in the economy of another country. |
| Fossil fuel | An energy source formed from the residue of plants and animals buried millions of years ago. |
| Fracking (hydraulic fracturing) | The pumping of water at high pressure to break apart rocks in order to release natural gas. |
| Fusion | Creation of energy by joining the nuclei of two hydrogen atoms to form helium. |
| Gender Inequality Index (GII) | A measure of the extent of each country's gender inequality. |
| Geothermal energy | Energy from steam or hot water produced from hot or molten underground rocks. |
| Gross domestic product (GDP) | The value of the total output of goods and services produced in a country in a given time period (normally one year). |
| Gross national income (GNI) | The value of the output of goods and services produced in a country in a year, including money that leaves and enters the country. |
| Housing bubble | A rapid increase in the value of houses followed by a sharp decline in their value. |
| Human Development Index (HDI) | An indicator of the level of development for each country, constructed by the United Nations, that is based on income, literacy, education, and life expectancy. |
| Hydroelectric power | Power generated from moving water. |
| Inequality-adjusted HDI (IHDI) | Modification of the HDI to account for inequality within a country. |
| Literacy rate | The percentage of a country's people who can read and write. |
| Maternal mortality ratio | The number of women who die giving birth per 100,000 births. |
| Microfinance | Provision of small loans and other financial services to individuals and small businesses in developing countries. |
| Millenium Development Goals | Eight international development goals that all members of the United Nations have agreed to achieve by 2015. |
| Nonrenewable energy | A source of energy that has a finite supply capable of being exhausted. |
| Passive solar energy systems | Solar energy systems that collect energy without the use of mechanical devices. |
| Photovoltaic cell | A solar energy cell, usually made from silicon, that collects solar rays to generate electricity. |
| Potential reserve | The amount of a resource in deposits not yet identified but thought to exist. |
| Primary sector | The portion of the economy concerned with the direct extraction of materials from Earth's surface, generally through agriculture, although sometimes by mining, fishing, and forestry. |
| Productivity | The value of a particular product compared to the amount of labor needed to make it. |
| Proven reserve | The amount of a resource remaining in discovery deposits. |
| Purchasing power parity (PPP) | The amount of money needed in one country to purchase the same goods and services in another country; adjusts income figures to account for differences among countries in the cost of goods. |
| Radioactive waste | Materials from a nuclear reaction that emit radiation; contact with such particles may be harmful or lethal to people; therefore, materials must be safely stored for thousands of years. |
| Renewable energy | A resource that has a theoretically unlimited supply and is not depleted when used by humans. |
| Secondary sector | The portion of the economy concerned with manufacturing useful products through processing, transforming, and assembling raw materials. |
| Structural adjustment program | Economic policies imposed on less developed countries by international agencies to create conditions encouraging international trade (raising taxes, reducing government spending, controlling inflation, etc.) |
| Supply | The quantity of something that producers have available for sale. |
| Tertiary sector | The portion of the economy concerned with transportation, communications, and utilities, sometimes to extend to the provision of all goods and services to people, in exchange for payment. |
| Uneven development | Development of core regions at the expense of those on the periphery. |
| Value added | The gross value of a product minus the costs of raw materials and energy. |
| Acid Deposition | Sulfur and nitrogen oxides that enter the atmosphere from burning fossil fuels and mix into sulfuric and nitric acid and come back to Earth's surface. |
| Acid Precipitation | Sulfur and nitrogen oxides turn to acids and come down to earth as rain, snow, or fog. |
| Air Pollution | Concentration of pollutants like carbon monoxide and sulfur dioxide in greater levels than average air. |
| Apparel | Article of clothing. |
| Biochemical Oxygen Demand | (BOD) The amount of oxygen required by aquatic bacteria to decompose organic waste; this is a measure of water pollution. |
| Break-of-Bulk point | Location where transfer of one mode of transport to another takes place. |
| Bulk-gaining industry | Industry where final product has greater volume than inputs. |
| Bulk-reducing industry | Industry where final product has less volume than inputs. |
| Chlorofluorocarbon | (CFC) Gas used as solvent, propellant in aerosols, refrigerant, and in plastic foams and extinguishers. |
| Cottage industry | Manufacturing based in homes, which was common before Industrial Revolution. |
| Ferrous | Metals for production of iron and steel. |
| Fordist Production | Each worker is assigned one task to complete repeatedly. |
| Greenhouse Effect | Increased in Earth's temperature caused by carbon dioxide, trapping radiation emitted by Earth's surface. |
| Industrial Revolution | Series of improvements in industrial technology that transformed manufacturing. |
| Just-in-time Delivery | Shipment of parts to a factory moments before they are needed. |
| Labor-intensive industry | Industry where labor costs are high. |
| Maquiladora | Factory built by a U.S. company in Mexico along the border to take advantage of cheap labor costs. |
| New International Division of Labor | Transfer of low-paid and less-skilled jobs from developed countries to developing countries. |
| Nonferrous | Metals used to make products other than iron and steel. |
| Nonpoint-source pollution | Pollution that starts from a large area. |
| Outsourcing | Decision by corporation to move production to independent suppliers. |
| Ozone | Gas that absorbs ultraviolet radiation, found in the stratosphere above Earth's surface. |
| Photochemical Smog | Atmospheric condition formed through pollution and weather, comes from vehicle emissions. |
| Point-source Pollution | Pollution that enters body of water from a specific source. |
| Right-to-work Law | U.S. law that prevents union from negotiating contracts that require people to become union members. |
| Sanitary Landfill | Place to deposit solid waste, where earth is bulldozed over garbage each day to reduce emissions. |
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trisjohnson
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