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OAMS123
Medical Terminology Chapter 10 - Vocabulary
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Nerve | macroscopic cord-like collection of fibers (axons and dendrites) that carries electric impulses. |
| Neuron | nerve cells that carry impulses throughout the body. |
| Two major division of Nervous system | Central nervous system (CNS) peripheral nervous system (PNS) |
| Central nervous system | it consist of brain and spinal cord. |
| peripheral nervous system | Consist of cranial nerves, spinal nerves, autonomic nerves (sympathetic; parasympathetic), plexuses, and peripheral nerves. |
| cranial nerves | 12 pairs of nerves that carry messages to and from the brain with regard to the head and neck. |
| spinal nerves | 31 pairs of nerves arising from the spinal cord. |
| Autonomic nervous system | Nerves that control involuntary body functions of muscles, glands, and internal organs. |
| Sympathetic nerve | Autonomic nerves that influence bodily functions involuntarily in times of stress. |
| Parasympathetic nerve | Involuntary, autonomic nerves that regulate normal body functions such as heart rate, breathing, and muscles of the gastrointestinal tract. |
| Stimulus / Stimuli (pl.) | Agent of change (light, sound, touch, pressure, and pain) in the internal or external environment that evokes a response. |
| Dendrites | Microscopic branching fiber of a nerve cell that is the first part to receive the nervous impulse. |
| Cell body | Part of a nerve cell that contains the nucleus. |
| Ganglia / Ganglion (sing.) | Collection of nerve cell bodies in the peripheral nervous system. |
| Axon | Microscopic fiber that carries the nervous impulse along a nerve cell. |
| Myelin sheath | Covering of white fatty tissue that surrounds and insulates the axon of a nerve cell. |
| Synapse | Greek word "synapsis" meaning a point of contact.. Space through which a nervous impulse travels between nerve cells or between nerve and muscle or glandular cells. |
| Neurotransmitter | Chemical messenger released at the end of a nerve cell |
| Example of a neurotransmitter: | 1. Acetylcholine 2. Norepinephrine 3. Epinephrine (adrenaline) 4. Dopamine (happy hormones) 5. Serotonin 6. Endorphins |
| Parenchyma | Essential, functioning cells of any organ. Neurons are the parenchyma of the nervous system. |
| Stroma | Connective and supportive tissue of an organ. |
| Glial cell | Stromal tissue of central nervous system cell that is supportive and connective in function of: astrocyte, microglial cell, and ependymal cell. |
| Four types of supporting or glial cells: | 1. Astrocytes 2. Microglial cells 3. Oligodendroglial cells (Oligodendrocytes) 4. Ependymal cells |
| Astrocytes | Star-like in appearance glial (neuroglial) cell that transports salt and water from the capillaries. |
| Microglial cells | Phagocytic glial cell that removes waste products from the central nervous system. |
| Oligodendroglial cell | Glial (neuroglial) cell that forms the myelin sheath covering the axon the a neuron. |
| Ependymal cell | Greek ependyma means upper garment. A glial cell that lines the membranes within the brain and spinal cord and helps form a cerebrospinal fluid. |
| Blood brain barrier (BBB) | Protective separation between the blood and brain cells. |
| Brain | Weighs 3 pounds and controls body activities. |
| Cerebrum | "thinking area". Largest part of the brain,; responsible for voluntary muscular activity, vision speech, taste, hearing, thought and memory, among other functions. |
| Cerebral cortex | Outer region of the cerebrum. |
| Gyri / gyrus | Sheet nerve of nerve cells the produces a rounded fold on the surface of the cerebrum. |
| Sulci / sulcus | Depression or groove in the surface of the cerebral cortex. |
| Cerebral hemispheres | each of the two parts of the cerebrum (left and right) in the brain. |
| Four major lobes of each hemisphere: | 1. Frontal lobe 2. Parietal lobe 3. Temporal lobe 4. Occipital lobe |
| Frontal lobe | Thought processes, behavior, personality, emotion. |
| Parietal lobe | Body sensations, visual and spatial perception. |
| Temporal lobe | Hearing, understanding speech, language |
| Occipital lobe | Vision |
| Ventricles | Fluid filled canals in the brain. |
| Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) | Watery fluid that flows throughout the brain and around the spinal cord; it protects the brain and spinal cord from shock by acting like a cushion. |
| Lumbar puncture (LP) | Withdrawal of cerebrospinal fluid from the subarachnoid space between two lumbar vertebrae. |
| Thalamus | Acts like a triage center. Main relay center of the brain; located in the central region of the brain. |
| Hypothalamus | Region of the brain lying below the thalamus, but above the pituitary gland. It stimulates the pituitary gland to secrete and release hormones. |
| Cerebellum | Part of the brain that coordinates muscle movements and maintains balance. |
| Midbrain | The uppermost portion of the brainstem. |
| Pons | Part of the brainstem anterior to the cerebellum, between the medulla and the rest of the brain. The pons connects the upper and lower portions of the brain. |
| Medulla oblongata | Lower part of the brain, closest to the spinal cord; controls breathing, heartbeat, and size of blood vessels. |
| Brainstem | Lower portion of the brain that connects the cerebrum with the spinal cord. |
| Three important vital centers of medulla oblongata: | 1. Respiratory center 2. Cardiac Center 3. Vasomotor center |
| Respiratory center | Controls muscles of respiration in response to chemicals or other stimuli. |
| Cardiac center | Slows the heart rate when the heart is beating too rapidly. |
| Vasomotor center | Affects the muscles in the walls of blood vessels, this influencing blood pressure. |
| Spinal cord | A column of nervous tissue extending from the medulla oblongata to hte second lumbar vertebra within the vertebral column. |
| Cauda equina | Latin for "horse tail". Collection of spinal nerves below the end of the spinal cord. |
| Meninges | Three layers of connective tissue membranes that surround the brain and spinal cord. |
| Dura mater | Thick, outermost layer of the meninges surrounding the brain and spinal cord. |
| Subdural space | Below the Dural membrane. |
| Arachnoid membrane | Loosely attached to the other meninges by web-like fibers; it is the middle layer of the meninges that surround the brain and spinal cord. |
| Subarachnoid space | It contains cerebrospinal fluid |
| Pia mater | Thin, delicate, and innermost membrane of the meninges, closest to the brain and spinal cord. |
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