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World Civ Ch 4
Vocab for Chapt 4
| Word | Difintion |
|---|---|
| Cyrus the great- | established massive Persian empire by 550 B.C.E; successor state to Mesopotamian empires |
| Zoroastrianism | - animist religion that saw material existence as battle between forces of good and evil; stressed the importance of moral choice; righteous lived on after death “house of song”; chief religion of Persian empire |
| Olympic games | - one of the pan-Hellenic rituals observed by all Greek city-states; involved athletic competitions and ritual celebrations |
| Pericles | - Athenian political leader during 5th century B.C.E; guided development of Athenian empire; died during early stages of Peloponnesian war |
| Peloponnesian wars | - wars from 431- 404 B.C.E between Athens and Sparta for dominance in southern Greece; resulted in Sparta victory but failure to achieve political unification of Greece |
| Philip the II of Macedon | - ruled Macedon from 359-336 B.C.E; founder of centralized kingdom; later conquered rest of Greece, which was subjected to Macedonian authority |
| Hellenistic period- | that culture associated with the spread of Greek influence as a result of Macedonian conquest; often seen as the combination of Greek culture with eastern political forms |
| Alexandria- | one of many cities of that name founded by Alexander the Great; site of ancient Mediterranean’s greatest library; center of literary studies |
| Roman republic- | the balanced constitution of Rome from c.510-47 B.C.E; featured an aristocratic senate, a panel of magistrates, and several popular assemblies |
| Punic wars | - fought between Rome and Carthage to establish dominance in the western Mediterranean; won by Rome after three separate conflicts |
| Carthage | - originally a Phoenician colony in northern Africa; became a major port an commercial power in the western Mediterranean; fought the Punic wars with Rome for dominance of western Mediterranean |
| Hannibal | - great Carthaginian general during second Punic war; successfully invaded Italy but failed to conquer Rome; finally defeated at battle of Zama |
| Julius Caesar- | roman general responsible for conquest of Gaul; brought army back to Rome and overthrew republic; assassinated in 44 B.C.E by conservative senators |
| Augustus Caesar | - name given to Octavian following his defeat of Mark Anthony and Cleopatra; first emperor of Rome |
| Diocletian | - roman emperor from 284-305 C.E; restored later empire by improved administration and tax collection |
| Constantine- | roman emperor from 312-337 C.E.; established second capital at Constantinople; attempted to use religious force of Christianity to unify empire spiritually. |
| polis- | city-state form of government; typical of Greek political organization from 800-400 B.C.E. |
| direct democracy | - literally rule of the people; as interpreted in Athens all the decisions emanated from popular assembly without intermediation of elected representatives. |
| senate- | assembly of roman aristocrats; advised on policy within the republic; one of the early elements of the roman constitution |
| consuls- | 2 chief executives or magistrates of the roman republic; elected by an annual assembly dominated by aristocracy. |
| Aristotle | - Greek philosopher; teacher of Alexander the great; knowledge based on phenomena in material world. |
| stoics | Hellenistic group of philosophers emphasized intramural independence cultivated by strict discipline of the body in personal bravery |
| Socrates | - Athenian philosopher of the later 5th century B.C.E.; tutor of Plato; urged rational reflection of moral decisions; condemned to death for corrupting minds of Athenian young. |
| Plato- | Greek philosopher; knowledge based on consideration of ideal forms outside the material world; proposed ideal form of government based on abstract principles on which philosophers ruled. |
| Sophocles- | Greek writer of tragedies; author of Oedipus rex. |
| Iliad- | Greek epic poem attributed to homer but possibly the work of many authors; defined gods and human nature that shaped Greek mythos. |
| Odyssey | - Greek epic poem attributed to Homer but possibly the work of many authors; defined gods and human nature that shaped Greek mythos. |
| Doric | - along with Ionian and Corinthian, distinct style of Hellenistic architecture; least ornate of the three styles. |
| Ionic | - along with Doric and Corinthian, distinct style of Hellenistic architecture; more ornate then Doric but less ornate then Corinthian. |
| Corinthian | - along with Doric and Ionic, distinct style of Hellenistic architecture; the most ornate of the three styles. |
Created by:
firechick2780
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