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APWH Ch. 6 key terms

Stearns et al. AP World History Chapter 6 key terms

QuestionAnswer
bedouin nomadic; refers to tribes and clans
shaykhs leaders of tribes and clans, usually men with large herds, several wives
Mecca Islam's holy city, Ka'ba shrine, key location along trade routes
Umayyad clan which founded Mecca, took over caliphate and founded dynasty with greater women's roles, lapsed in lives of luxury, conquered by Abbasids c. 750
Quraysh tribe with Umayyad clan
Ka'ba holy shrine in Mecca, originally housed idols of all tribal gods, eventually became religious center for Islam
Medina Muhammad's city, along trade networks
Muhammad Muslim prophet who received 610 revelations which became the basis of Islamic faith, good political and religious leader, first caliph, died 632
Khadijah Muhammad's wife, an able merchant older than him
Qu'ran holy book of Muhammad's revelations, compiled mainly by his wife and daughters
Ali Muhammad's clansmen who secured Muhammad's flight to Medina in 622 by taking Muhammad's place, candidate for caliphate after Muhammad died and when the third caliph was murdered, lost both times (assassinated 661, both sons also assassinated)
hijra flight to Medina
umma community of the faithful, universal (unification)
zakat tax for charity, meaning all are equal and deserve to have something, one of five pillars
five pillars 1. God is the only god and Muhammad is his prophet; 2. play facing Mecca 5x a day; 3. fast while the sun is up during month of Ramadan; 4. zakat (charity); 5. hajj to Mecca, made one a more complete Muslim
Ramadan month (based on lunar calendar) during which Muslims must fast from sunup to sundown
hajj pilgrimage to Mecca, rituals at Ka'ba, made one a haji and more complete Muslim
caliph political and religious successor to Muhammad
Abu Bakr caliph 632-634, Ridda Wars to conquer peoples who rejected Islam after Muhammad died
Ridda Wars Muslim expansion, for war spoils, into Byzantine and Sasanid Empires
jihad misconception as holy wars launched to spread the Muslim faith forcibly
Copts Christian sect in Byzantine Empire
Nestorians Christian sect in Byzantine Empire
Uthman Umayyad third caliph, murdered
Battle of Siffin 657, Ali almost won (against Umayyads) but decided to try to make peace which lost him the caliphate and his life
Mu'awiya 660 proclaimed caliph to challenge Ali's claim
Sunnis those who backed the Umayyads during Ali's claim to the caliphate
Shi'a those who backed Ali when he tried to claim the caliphate
Karbala battle at which Husayn (Ali's second son) was assassinated when trying to revolt against the Umayyads
Damascus capital of Umayyad Empire
mawali Muslim converts, no special treatment like original believers had in Umayyad Empire, treated on same level as original believers and umma in Abbasid Empire
jizya head tax for non-believers
dhimmi "people of the book," Jews, Christians, tolerated and allowed to worship as they liked
hadiths traditions of the prophet, mostly recorded by women
harem forbidden area for political leaders' wives and concubines
Abbasid descent from Muhammad's uncle, al-Abbas, rebeled against luxury and lethargy and non-military or political-ness of Umayyads, won throne c. 750, Persians eventually became locus of power when they became less interested in politics
Battle of the River Zab 750 when Abbasids defeated Umayyads
Baghdad capital of Abbasid Empire
wazir chief administrator and head of the caliph's inner councils
dhows sailing vessels with lateen (triangular) sails, used for trade
ayan entrenched landed elite, either from Umayyad times or when booty was invested in land, had peasants working on land and paying part of crop
mosque symbol of Islamic civilization, prayer meeting place, communal initially based on Muhammad's simple house, with qibla, minbars, minarets, domes (Dome of the Rock)
qibla wall with decorated section pointing to Mecca, often with its own niche in the mosque
minarets towers from which Muslims were called to prayer
Created by: keylime314
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