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APWH Ch. 6 key terms
Stearns et al. AP World History Chapter 6 key terms
Question | Answer |
---|---|
bedouin | nomadic; refers to tribes and clans |
shaykhs | leaders of tribes and clans, usually men with large herds, several wives |
Mecca | Islam's holy city, Ka'ba shrine, key location along trade routes |
Umayyad | clan which founded Mecca, took over caliphate and founded dynasty with greater women's roles, lapsed in lives of luxury, conquered by Abbasids c. 750 |
Quraysh | tribe with Umayyad clan |
Ka'ba | holy shrine in Mecca, originally housed idols of all tribal gods, eventually became religious center for Islam |
Medina | Muhammad's city, along trade networks |
Muhammad | Muslim prophet who received 610 revelations which became the basis of Islamic faith, good political and religious leader, first caliph, died 632 |
Khadijah | Muhammad's wife, an able merchant older than him |
Qu'ran | holy book of Muhammad's revelations, compiled mainly by his wife and daughters |
Ali | Muhammad's clansmen who secured Muhammad's flight to Medina in 622 by taking Muhammad's place, candidate for caliphate after Muhammad died and when the third caliph was murdered, lost both times (assassinated 661, both sons also assassinated) |
hijra | flight to Medina |
umma | community of the faithful, universal (unification) |
zakat | tax for charity, meaning all are equal and deserve to have something, one of five pillars |
five pillars | 1. God is the only god and Muhammad is his prophet; 2. play facing Mecca 5x a day; 3. fast while the sun is up during month of Ramadan; 4. zakat (charity); 5. hajj to Mecca, made one a more complete Muslim |
Ramadan | month (based on lunar calendar) during which Muslims must fast from sunup to sundown |
hajj | pilgrimage to Mecca, rituals at Ka'ba, made one a haji and more complete Muslim |
caliph | political and religious successor to Muhammad |
Abu Bakr | caliph 632-634, Ridda Wars to conquer peoples who rejected Islam after Muhammad died |
Ridda Wars | Muslim expansion, for war spoils, into Byzantine and Sasanid Empires |
jihad | misconception as holy wars launched to spread the Muslim faith forcibly |
Copts | Christian sect in Byzantine Empire |
Nestorians | Christian sect in Byzantine Empire |
Uthman | Umayyad third caliph, murdered |
Battle of Siffin | 657, Ali almost won (against Umayyads) but decided to try to make peace which lost him the caliphate and his life |
Mu'awiya | 660 proclaimed caliph to challenge Ali's claim |
Sunnis | those who backed the Umayyads during Ali's claim to the caliphate |
Shi'a | those who backed Ali when he tried to claim the caliphate |
Karbala | battle at which Husayn (Ali's second son) was assassinated when trying to revolt against the Umayyads |
Damascus | capital of Umayyad Empire |
mawali | Muslim converts, no special treatment like original believers had in Umayyad Empire, treated on same level as original believers and umma in Abbasid Empire |
jizya | head tax for non-believers |
dhimmi | "people of the book," Jews, Christians, tolerated and allowed to worship as they liked |
hadiths | traditions of the prophet, mostly recorded by women |
harem | forbidden area for political leaders' wives and concubines |
Abbasid | descent from Muhammad's uncle, al-Abbas, rebeled against luxury and lethargy and non-military or political-ness of Umayyads, won throne c. 750, Persians eventually became locus of power when they became less interested in politics |
Battle of the River Zab | 750 when Abbasids defeated Umayyads |
Baghdad | capital of Abbasid Empire |
wazir | chief administrator and head of the caliph's inner councils |
dhows | sailing vessels with lateen (triangular) sails, used for trade |
ayan | entrenched landed elite, either from Umayyad times or when booty was invested in land, had peasants working on land and paying part of crop |
mosque | symbol of Islamic civilization, prayer meeting place, communal initially based on Muhammad's simple house, with qibla, minbars, minarets, domes (Dome of the Rock) |
qibla | wall with decorated section pointing to Mecca, often with its own niche in the mosque |
minarets | towers from which Muslims were called to prayer |