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Med Term Respiratory
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| carbon dioxide (CO2) | tasteless, colorless, odorless gas produced by body cells during the metabolic process |
| cartilage | tough, elastic connective tissue that is more rigid than ligaments but less dense than bone |
| cilia | any hairlike structure |
| breathing | ventilation |
| diffuse | moving or spreading out of a substance at a random, rather than by chemical reaction or application of external forces |
| homeostasis | state in which the regulatory mecanisms of the body maintain a constant internal environment |
| mucous membrane | moist tissue layer lining hollow organs and cavities of the body that open to the environment; also called mucosa |
| oxygen (O2) | tasteless, odorless, colorless gas essential for human respiration |
| pH | symbol that indicates the degree of acidity or alkalinity of a substance |
| septum | Wall dividing two cavities, such as the nasal septum, which separates the two nostrils |
| serous membrane | thin layer of tissue that covers internal body cavities, the cells of which secrete a fluid that keeps the membrane moist; also called serosa |
| olfactory neurons | receptors for sense of smell |
| pharynx | throat |
| nosapharynx | posterior to nose |
| oropharynx | posterior to mouth |
| laryngopharynx | superior to larynx |
| adenoids | pharyngeal tonsils |
| palatine tonsils | tonsils |
| larynx | voice box |
| epiglottis | leaf-shaped structure on top of larynx |
| trachea | windpipe |
| bronchi | 2 branches that trachea divides into |
| bronchioles | smaller branches of bronchus |
| alveoli | tiny air sacs at end of bronchioles |
| mediastinum | space between right and left lungs |
| pleura | serous membrane covering lobes of lungs |
| visceral pleura | membrane lying closest to the lung |
| parietal pleura | membrane that lines the thoracic cavity |
| pleural cavity | space bteween visceral and parietal pleura |
| diaphragm | large muscular partition lying between chest and abdominal cavities |
| inspiration | drawing air into lungs |
| expiration | air leaving the lungs |
| pulmonary ventilation | more commonly called breathing, involuntary action that moves air into and out of the lungs |
| external respiration | exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between alveoli and blood in pulmonary capillaries |
| transport of respiratory gases | occurs when blood transports CO2 to the lungs and O2 to body cells |
| internal respiration | exchange of O2 and CO2 between body cells and blood in systemic capillaries |
| nas/o | nose |
| rhin/o | nose |
| sept/o | septum |
| sinus/o | sinus, cavity |
| adenoid/o | adenoids |
| tonsill/o | tonsils |
| pharyng/o | pharynx |
| epiglott/o | epiglottis |
| laryng/o | larynx |
| trache/o | trachea |
| bronchi/o | bronchus |
| bronch/o | bronchus |
| alveol/o | alveolus; air sac |
| pleur/o | pleura |
| pneum/o | air; lung |
| pneumon/o | air; lung |
| pulmon/o | lung |
| anthrac/o | coal, coal dust |
| atel/o | incomplete; imperfect |
| coni/o | dust |
| cyan/o | blue |
| lob/o | lobe |
| orth/o | straight |
| ox/i | oxygen |
| ox/o | oxygen |
| pector/o | chest |
| steth/o | chest |
| thorac/o | chest |
| phren/o | diaphragm |
| spir/o | breathe |
| -capnia | carbon dioxide (CO2) |
| -osmia | smell |
| -phonia | voice |
| -pnea | breathing |
| -ptysis | spitting |
| -thorax | chest |
| brady- | slow |
| dys- | bad; painful; difficult |
| eu- | good, normal |
| tachy- | rapid |
| pulmonology | medical specialty concerned with disorders of respiratory system |
| pulmonologist | physician who treats disorders of respiratory system |
| Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) | includes respiratory disorders that produce a chronic partial obstruction of the air passages |
| dyspnea | difficult to breath |
| bronchospasms | spasms in bronchial passages |
| paroxysmal | sudden and violent |
| productive cough | coughing producing large amounts of mucus |
| mucolytics | agents that loosen and break down mucus |
| bronchodilators | medications that expand bronchi |
| status asthamticus | when usual measures do not reverse bronchospasms |
| chronic bronchitis | inflammation of bronchi caused mainly by smoking and air pollution |
| expectorants | medications that aid in the removal of mucus |
| emphysema | characterized by decreased elasticity of alveoli |
| dilate | expand |
| orthopnea | standing erect |
| influenza (flu) | acute infectious respiratory viral disease |
| pandemics | world wide epidemics |
| virulent | high infectious |
| myalgia | generalized muscle pain |
| auscultation | listening of sounds made by organs of the body using a stethoscope |
| percussion | gentle tapping of the chest with fingers and listening to the resultant sounds |
| transudate | noninflammatory fluid that resembles serum but with slightly less protein |
| exudate | usually high in protein and often contains blood and immune cells |
| hydrothorax | serum |
| empyema | pus |
| pyothorax | pus |
| hemothorax | blood |
| pneumothorax | air entering pleural space |
| thoracocentesis | surgical puncture of chest using a hollow-bore needle |
| throacentesis | surgical puncture of chest using a hollow-bore needle |
| Tuberculosis (TB) | communicable disease caused by bacterium Mycobacterium tuberculosis |
| droplet nuclei | droplets of respiratory secretions |
| viable | alive |
| primary tuberculosis | first time TB organism enters body |
| granulomas | inflammatory nodules, also called tubercles |
| immunocompromised | immune system becomes impaired |
| combination therapy | using several antibiotics at the same time |
| pneumonia | any inflammatory disease of lungs that may be caused by bacteria, viruses, or fungi |
| aspiration pneumonias | pneumonia caused by food or liquid inhalation |
| lobar pneumonia | penumonia affecting only a lobe of the lung |
| bronchopneumonia | more diffuse pneumonia |
| hemoptysis | spitting of blood |
| consolidation | engorged |
| Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (PCP) | type of pneumonia closely associated with AIDS |
| normal flora | resides in or on most people |
| opportunistic | infectious |
| lavage | washings |
| cystic fibrosis | hereditary disorder of exocrine glands that causes body to secrete viscous mucus |
| viscous | thick |
| aerosols | mists |
| sweat test | measures amount of salt excreted in sweat; usted to test for cystic fibrosis |
| Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) | condition in which lungs no longer function effectively |
| systemic infections | infections that affect entire body |
| sepsis | infections that affect blood |
| edema | fluid filled |
| Hyaline membrane disease (HMD) | form of respiratory distress syndrome, also called infant respiratory distress syndrome (IRDS) |
| surfactant | phospholipid substance that helps kep alveoli open |
| cyanosis | blueness |
| nares | nostrils |
| tachypnea | rapid breathing |
| hyaline membrane | membrane with ground-glass appearance |
| primary pulmonary cancer | most common form of lung cancer, bronchogenic carcinoma |
| metastasizes | spreads |
| acidosis | excessive acidity of body fluids |
| anosmia | absence of the sense of smell |
| apnea | temporary loss of breathing |
| 3 types of apnea | obstructive (enlarged tonsils and adenoids), central (failure of brain to transmit impulses for breathing), and mixed (combination of obstructive and central apnea) |
| sleep apnea | sleeping disorder in which breathing stops repeatedly for more than 10 seconds, causing measurable blood deoxygenation |
| asphyxia | condition caused by insufficent intake of oxygen |
| atelectasis | collapsed or airless state of the lung, which may be acute or chronic and affect all or part of a lung |
| cheyne-Stokes respiration | repeated breathing pattern characterized by fluctuation in the depth of respiration, first deeply, then shallow, then not at all |
| compliance | ease with which lung tissue can be stretched |
| coryza | head cold; upper respiratory infection (URI) |
| crackle | abnormal respiratory sound heard on auscultation, caused by exudates, spasms, hyperplasia, or when air enters moisture-filled alveoli; also called rale |
| croup | common childhood condition involving inflammation of the larynx, trachea, bronchial passages and, sometimes, lungs |
| deviated nasal septum | displacement of cartilage dividing the nostrils |
| epilgottitis | severe, life-threatening infection of epiglottis and supraglottic structures that occurs most commonly in hcildren between 2 and 12 years of age |
| epistaxis | nosebleed; nasal hemorrhage |
| finger clubbing | enlargement of terminal phalanges of the fingers and toes, commonly associated with pulmonary disease |
| hypoxemia | deficiency of oxygen in blood |
| hypoxia | deficency of oxygen in tissues |
| pertussis | acute infectious disease characterized by a cough that has a "whoop" sound; also called whopping cough |
| pleurisy | inflmmation of the pleural membrane characterized by a stabbing pain that is intensified by coughing or deep breathing; also called pleuritis |
| pneumoconiosis | disease caused by inhaling dust particles, including coal dust (anthracosis), stone dust (chalicosis), iron dust (siderosis), and asbestos particles (asbestosis) |
| pulmonary edema | accumulation of extravascular fluid in lung tissues and alveoli, caused most commonly by heart failure |
| pulmonary embolus | blackage in an artery of the lungs caused by a mass of undissolved matter (such as a blood clot, tissue, air bubbles, and bacteria) |
| rhonchus | abnormal breath sound heard on ausculatation |
| stridor | high-pitched, harsh, adventitious breath sound casued by a spasm or swelling of the larynx or an obstruction in the upper airway |
| sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) | completely unexpected and unexplained death of an apparently normal, healthy infant, usually less than 12 months of age; also called crib death |
| wheeze | whistling or sighing sound heard on ausculation that results from narrowing of the lumen of the respiratory passageway |
| Mantoux test | intrademeral test to determine tuberculin sensitivity based on a positive reaction where the area around the test site becomes red and swollen |
| oximetry | noninvasive method of monitoring the percentage of hemoglobin (Hb) saturated with oxygen; also called pulse oximetry |
| polysomnography | test of sleep cycles and stages using coninuous recordings of brain waves (EEGs), electrical activity of muscles, eye movement (electyro-oculogram), respiratory rate, blood pressure, blood oxygen saturation, heart rhythm |
| plumonary function tests (PFTs) | multiple tests used to evaluate the ability of the lungs to take in and expel air as well as perform gas exhcange across the alveolocapillary membrane |
| spirometry | measurement of ventilatory ability by assessing lung capacity and flow, including the time necessary for exhaling the total volume of inhaled air |
| bronchoscopy | visual examination of the bronchi using an endoscope inserted through the mouth and trachea for direct viewing of structures or for projection on a monitor |
| laryngoscopy | visual examination of the larynx to detect tumors, foreign bodies, nerve or structural injury, or other abnormalities |
| mediastinoscopy | visual examination of the mediastinal structures including the heart, trachea, esophagus, bronchus, thymus, and lymph nodes |
| arterial blood gas (ABG) | test that measures partial pressure of oxygen (Po2), carbon dioxide (Pco2), pH (acidity or alkalinity), and bicarbonate level of an arterial blood sample |
| sputum culture | microbial test used to identify disease-causing organisms of the lower respiratory tract, especially those that cause pneumonias |
| sweat test | measurement of the amount of salt (sodium chloride) in sweat |
| throat culture | test used to identify pathogens, especially group A streptoccoci |
| radiography | process of producing images using an x-ray passed through the body or area and captures on a film |
| thoracic (chest) radiography | images of the chest taken from anteroposterior projection, posteroanterior projection, lateral projection, or a combination of these projections |
| scan | imaging procedure that gathers information about a specific organ or structure of the body, in some cases, small amounts of injected radionuclide are used to enhance images |
| lung scan | nuclear scanning test primarily used to detect pulmonary emboli |
| aerosol therapy | lung treament using various techniques to deliver medication in mist form directly to the lungs or air passageways. tehcniques include nebulizers, metered-dose inhalers (MDIs), and dry powder inhalers (DPIs). |
| lavage | irrigating or washing out of an organ, stomach, bladder, bowel, or body cavity with a stream of water or other fluid |
| antral lavage | irrigation of the antrum (maxillary sinus) in chronic or nonresponsive sinusitis |
| postural drainage | positioning a patient so that gravity aids in the drainage of secretions from the bronchi and lobes of the lungs |
| pleurectomy | excision of part of the pleura, usually parietal |
| pneumectomy | excision of a lung |
| rhinoplasty | reconstructive surgery of the nose to correct deformities or for cosmetic purposes |
| septoplasty | surgical repair of a deviated septum usually performed when the septum is encroaching on the breathing passages or nasal structures |
| throacentesis | surgical puncture and drainage of the pleural cavity; also called pleurocentesis or thoracocentesis |
| tracheostomy | surgical procedure in which an opening is made in the neck and into the trachea into which a breathing tube may be inserted |
| antihistamines | block histamines from binding with histamine recepter sites in tissues |
| antitussives | relieve or suppress coughing by blocking the cough reflex in the medulla of the brain |
| bronchodilators | stimulate bronchial muscles to relax, therby expanding air passages, resulting in increased air flow |
| bronchodilators | stimulate bronchial muscles to relax, therby expanding air passages, resulting in increased air flow |
| corticoseteroids | act on the immune system by blocking production of substances that trigger allergic and inflammatory actions |
| decongestants | constrict blood vessels of nasal passages and limit blood flow, which causes swollen tissues to shrink so that air can pass more freely through the passageways |
| expectorants | liquify respiratory secretions to that they are more easily dislodged udring coughing episodes |
| ABG | arterial blood gas(es) |
| AP | anteroposterior |
| ARDS | acute respiratory distress syndrome |
| CO2 | carbon dioxide |
| COPD | chronic obstructive pulmonary disease |
| CPAP | continuous positive airway pressure |
| CPR | cardiopulmonary resuscitation |
| CT | computed tomography |
| DPT | diptheria, pertussis, tetanus |
| EEG | electroencephalogram, electroencephalography |
| Hb, Hgb | hemoglobin |
| Hx | history |
| MRI | magnetic resonance imaging |
| O2 | oxygen |
| PFT | pulmonary function test |
| pH | symbol for degree of acidity or alkalinity |
| PND | paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea |
| RDS | respiratory distress syndrome |
| SIDS | sudden infant death syndrome |
| SOB | shortness of breath |
| T&A | tonsillectomy and adenoidectomy |
| TB | tuberculosis |
| TPR | temperature, pulse, and respiration |
| URI | upper respiratory infection |
| VC | vital capacity |
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