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Chapter Twenty-One
Term | Definition |
---|---|
Industrial Revolution | A period of rapid growth in the use of machines in manufacturing and production that began in the mid-1700s |
Enclosure Movement | A process in Europe from 1700s to the mid-1800s where landowners fenced small fields to create large farms, allowing for more efficient farming methods and increased the food supply |
Factors of Production | The basic resources for industrialization, such as land, labor, and capital |
Cottage Industry | A craft occupation performed in the home |
Factory | A place where goods are manufactured in mass quantity |
Industrialization | The process of changing to power-driven machinery |
Jethro Tull | Gentleman farmer who invented the seed drill for planting grain |
Richard Arkwright | Inventor who made steam engines faster and more efficient |
James Watt | British inventor who made steam engines faster and more efficient |
Robert Fulton | Developed and operated the steamship Clermont on the Hudson river |
Labor Union | Organizations representing workers' interests |
Strike | Work stoppages |
Mass Production | The system of manufacturing large numbers of identical items |
Interchangeable Parts | Identical machine-made parts |
Assembly Line | A mass-production process in which a product is moved forward through many work stations where workers perform specific tasks |
Laissez-Faire | The idea that government should not interfere in business |
Adam Smith | The leading advocate of laissez-faire economics |
Thomas Malthus | Thinker whose beliefs about poverty were used to justify low wages |
Entrepreneur | Someone who starts a business |
Andrew Carnegie | Industrialist who led the expansion of the American steel industry |
Socialism | The theory that society, not individuals, should own all property and industry |
Karl Marx | German thinker who put forth a radical view of socialism |
Communism | A system in which the government controls the economy |
Standard of Living | Level of material comfort experienced by a group of people |