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Forensic Anth Final
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Kyphosis | "hunchback", spinal deformity most commonly caused by Osteoporosis |
| Osteoporosis | "porous bone", bone disease where body loses too much bone, makes too little, or both |
| Accessory bone | extra bone |
| Congenital conditions | birth defects like: down syndrome, club foot, gigantism |
| Enthesophyte | abnormal bony projection at attachment of tendon/ligament |
| Hydrocephaly | "water in the brain", abnormal buildup of cerebrospinal fluid in brain's ventricals |
| Hyperdontia | extra teeth in mouth |
| Osteophyte | bony projection along joint margins |
| Occupational-related stressors | presence of enthesopathies, attachment of tendon/ligament to bone |
| Autosmal DNA | "nuclear DNA" |
| Non-autosmal DNA | mitochondrial DNA, y-chromosome analysis |
| Bone pathologies | examples: gigantism, osteoporosis, rickets, bone infection, scoliosis, kyphosis |
| Polydactyly | having extra fingers |
| Rickets | deficiency of vitamin D resulting in improper calcium&phosphorous levels in bone |
| Osteomalacia | vitamin D deficiency causes softening of bone |
| Forensic odontology | special dentists who look at teeth to identify someone |
| Photographic superimposition | use photo of potentially deceased person to line up skull over the face |
| Incomplete fractures | bow fracture, torus/buckle fracture, partial/greenstick fracture |
| Bow fracture (incomplete) | exaggerated curvature of bone |
| Torus/buckle fracture (incomplete) | bone buckles from compression |
| Partial/greenstick fracture (incomplete) | bone breaks partially |
| Complete fractures | transverse, oblique, spiral, comminuted, epiphyseal, compound |
| Transverse fracture (complete) | fracture goes straight across bone |
| Oblique fracture (complete) | fracture goes across bone at an angle |
| Spiral fracture (complete) | fracture circles bone shaft |
| Comminuted fracture (complete) | broken in more than 2 places |
| Epiphyseal fracture (complete) | fracture occurs in soft tissue cartilage between epiphysis and metaphysis (happens for kids) |
| Compound fracture (complete) | fracture breaks through skin |
| Creep fracture (slow) | fracture occurs when LOW force is placed on bone for EXTENDED period of time |
| Fatigue fracture (rapid) | fracture occurs from repeated light force ex. running |
| Compression force | fracture caused by bone being forced on itself |
| Tension force | fracture caused by tendon/ligament being pulled from bone |
| Depression fracture | fracture caused by both compression and tension forces (bone forced on itself AND tendon/ligament is pulled from bone) |
| Shearing force | fracture caused by force at one end of bone going in an opposite direction of the force at the other end |
| Bending force | fracture caused when force comes at bone in one direction |
| Torsion/spiral/twisting force | fracture caused when two ends of bone are twisted |
| Dynamic loading | exerting varying amounts of force on bone |
| Static loading | exerting constant amount of force on bone |
| Antemortem determination | "before death", shows tissue response through inflammation, shows signs of healing, possible medical records if injury treated by doctor |
| Perimortem determination | "around time of death", no signs of healing around bone damage, shows deformation/bending, allows us to find cause/direction of the fracture |
| Postmortem determination | "after death", no deformation/bending, shows different colors at fracture points |
| Inflammation (stage 1 of fracture repair) | blood vessels form blood clots (hematoma) |
| Soft callus formation (stage 2 of fracture repair) | capillaries grow in hematoma, osteoblasts form cartilage |
| Hard callus formation (stage 3 of fracture repair) | cartilage is replaced by spongy bone |
| Remodeling (stage 4 of fracture repair) | compact bone produced inside bone shaft |
| Strength (young's modulus) | Tensile yield strength - deformation starts Ultimate tensile strength - material breaks |
| Strain (young's modulus) | Amount of deformation |
| Toughness | cortical bone is tougher and can withstand more load, cancellous bone is less tough and can deform more but can't take stress |
| Composition | bone is anisotrophic (different properties in different directions) |
| Longitudinal fracture | occur longitudinal along bottom of skull |
| Transverse fracture | occur horizontally across bottom of a skull |
| Ring skull fracture | occur around the base/ring of the skull |
| Colle's fracture | buckle fracture at distal end of radius |
| Parry fracture | protects head from force |
| LeFort fracture | from getting hit in the face |
| Caliber | internal diameter of a gun barrel |
| Gauge | number of bullets of a diameter equal to the caliber to make one pound |
| Cranial entrance wounds | outer surface = smooth, inner surface = beveling from internal bone blowout |
| Cranial exit wounds | outer surface = beveling, inner surface = smooth |
| Cranial ricochet wounds | angled ricochet & circumferential ricochet |
| Sharp force trauma | relatively slow loading over small surface area with sharp object |
| Blunt force trauma | relatively slow loading over large surface area |
| High velocity projectile trauma | rapid loading over small surface area |
| Stab wounds | shows width and length of blade |
| Incised wounds | shows kerf |
| Diagnostic wounds | wounds from autopsy (i.e. scalpel) |
| Kerf | any wound caused by sharp object |
| Calcination | burnt bone, produces white ash |
| Postural asphyxia | strangulation, autoerotic asphyxiation, choke holds, sleeper holds |
| Hyoid damage from strangulation | only shows in older adults, hyoid bone can be shattered |
| Pink teeth | occurs in decomposed bodies |
| Taphonomy | anything that happens after death to body |
| Autolysis | "self digestion", lysosomes of cells contain an enzyme that digests surrounding tissues |
| Putrefaction | process of decay from bacteria of body (endogymous bacteria and exogymous bacteria) |
| Rigor mortis | third stage of death, limbs of corpse stiffen |
| Livor mortis | discoloration of skin due to pooling of the blood |
| Algor mortis | second stage of death, body temperature changes to match the ambient temperature |
| Fresh (first decomposition stage) | presence of blowflies and flesh flies, fly eggs are laid in body's orifices |
| Bloat (second decomp stage) | body becomes bloated from buildup of gases; presence of wasps, maggots, flies, beetles |
| Decay (third decomp stage) | body collapses, insects consume most of the flesh (beetles, maggot masses, fly puparia) |
| Post decay (fourth decomp stage) | flesh is gone and body dries out, beetles feed on skin and ligaments |
| Skeletonization | all that's left of the body is bone, only moths and beetles feed on the body now |
| Factors affecting body decomp | most impact on body: temperature, insect activity, and what type of burial/how deep the burial is |
| Adiopocere | waxy substance formed by body fat tissue in corpses |
| Saponification | when body fat is exposed to bacteria in warm, damp environments |
| Postmortem interval | time since death |
| Oviposition | to deposit or lay eggs (like insects do in decaying bodies) |
| Necrophageous | type of insect that doesn't directly feed on the decaying body |
| Carnassials | molars and premolars |
| Marbling | Skin shows purple to greenish veins from bacteria circling through blood vessels |
| Abiotic | non-living environmental factors like: sunlight, temperature, precipitation |
| Forensic entomology | the use of insects (that inhabit the decomposing bodies) to aid legal investigations |
| Stratigraphy | the study of rock layers (strata) and layering (stratification) |
| Datum | a piece of information |
| In situ | in it's original place |
| Infill | material that fills or is used to fill a space or hole |
| Line search | search method used by investigators by walking in straight lines across the crime scene |
| Pedestal | excavation method for mass graves; removes soil around body mass |
| Relative dating | science of determining the relative order of past events |
| Geophysical survey | remote sensing techniques used for archaeological imaging or mapping |
| Ways to locate buried remains | visual ground inspection, metal detector, geologies, vapor detection |
| Human rights investigation | involves interviews, excavation, and analysis for mass murders |
| Genocide | intent to partially or entirely destroy an ethnic, racial, or religious group |
| UN Declaration of human rights | document that was adopted by the United Nations |
| Mass fatality incident | emergency management term used to identify an incident involving more dead bodies and/or body parts than can be located, identified, and processed for final disposition |
| Type 1 commingling | mixture of body parts caused by recovery |
| Type 2 commingling | mixture of body parts caused by a disaster or big explosion |
| Closed population | known number of individuals in one place (ex. people in the Twin Towers on 9/11 or passengers on an airplane that crashes) |
| Open population | unknown number of individuals in one place because people are travelling in and out |
| Primary taphonomic factors | results directly from the disaster ex. an explosion |
| Secondary taphonomic factors | affect body after death ex. being burned by a fire from the explosion |
Created by:
madmcmurray
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