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Unit 9: Islam
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Abraham | Father of Ishmael |
| Al-Ghazali | Introduced a moderate form of Sufism that does't excuse Sufis from everyday practices |
| Ali | Muhammad's son-in-law; Shi'ites believed he was Muhammad's successor; designated caliph in 650, but was an unfit leader and murdered |
| Day of Standing Together | Day of intense prayer and soul-searching for those that made pilgrimage to Mecca |
| Dhimmis | "People of the Book"; The people given protection and tolerance by Muslims, especially in the Muslim empire; Mostly Jews and Christians |
| Dome of the Rock | Islamic shrine in Temple Mount in Jerusalem; First Islamic building ever built; location of the rock Abraham sacrificed Ishmael and where Muhammad ascended to heaven |
| Five Pillars | The five expectations of every Muslim; 1) Shahadah 2) Five daily prayers 3) Zakat 4) Fasting 5)Hajj |
| Hadith | Sayings and actions of Muhammad in the Qur'an |
| Hagar | Mother of Ishmael & Servant of Abraham; Exiled into the wilderness with her son after the birth of Isaac |
| Hajj | 5th pillar of Islam; pilgrimage to Mecca for every Muslim who is physically and financially able |
| Hijab | The garment used to veil women for modesty |
| Hijrah | Muhammad's migration from Mecca to Medina |
| Husayn | Ali's son; attempted to gain the title of caliph after his father lost it; killed by Sunnis in 680 |
| Imam | Shi'ite: The political and spiritual leader that was given the knowledge of God Sunni: The leader of community prayers |
| Ishmael | First son of Abraham by Hagar; Founder of the Arab people |
| Jihad | "effort/struggle"; the internal struggle against personal obstacles between one and god; the external defense against Muslim oppression |
| Jinn | Spiritual beings lower than angels; may be good or bad; based on indigenous fire spirits in the desert |
| Ka'ba | Structure built by Abraham; around a rock said to have fallen in Adam's time; sacred structure in Mecca dedicated to the worship of one God |
| Khadijah | Muhammad's wife |
| Kufr | 2nd worst sin; ingratitude for God's blessing |
| Mecca | Holy city; established by Ishmael & Hagar; birthplace of Muhammad |
| Medina | The only city that accepted Muhammad; Led by Muhammad in a conquest of Islam |
| Mosque | Place of worship; where Muslims meet on Fridays for prayer |
| Muhammad | The final prophet; founder of Islam |
| Qur'an | Holy text; "reading/reciting"; collection of Muhammad's revelations |
| Shahadah | Confession of faith of Islam; "There is no god but Allah and Muhammad is His Messenger |
| Shariah | "The Right Path"; Islamic law; Based on Qur'an and Sunnah of Muhammad |
| Shayk | Center of Sufi orders; Person who has met with God in this lifetime; believed to transmit blessings and sacred power |
| Shi'a/Shi'ite | Minority branch of Islam; believe Muhammad's successor was his son-in-law Ali |
| Shirk | Worst sin; Associating anything with divinity except God |
| Sufism | Mystical branch of Islam; focused on achieving union with God; meeting God face-to-face in life |
| Sunni | Major branch of Islam; don't believe Muhammad has any successor, and caliphs are appointed for political leadership; focus on applying Shariah to every aspect of life |
| Ummah | Community of Muslims |
| Zakat | 3rd Pillar of Islam; alms giving; a Muslim must donate 2.5% of their wealth to the needy |
| Zam-zam well | The source of water revealed to Hagar by an angel in her desperate search for water |
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