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Chapter Twenty
Term | Definition |
---|---|
Old Order | France's social and political structure that places the king at the top and three estates below him |
King Louis XVI | ruler during early years of the French Revolution |
Marie-Antoinette | Austrian wife of King Louis XVI, serving as queen during his reign |
First Estate | small, privileged class made up of Roman Catholic clergy in France |
Second Estate | the class in France that was made up of the nobility |
Third Estate | the class of 97% of France, made up of the bourgeoisie, artisans, merchants, and peasants |
bourgeoisie | city-dwelling merchants, factory owners, and professionals |
sansculottes | "without knee breeches"; a nickname for workers of the Third Estate |
Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen | document written by the National Assembly advocating equality, freedom of speech, and freedom of religion |
radicals | people favoring extreme change |
Maximilien Robespierre | Mountain member and a leader of the National Convention |
guillotine | an execution device that drops a sharp, heavy blade through the victim's neck |
counterrevolution | a revolution against a government established by a revolution |
Reign of Terror | series of accusations, arrests and executions started by the Mountain |
Napoleon Bonaparte | ambitious military leader who became emperor of France |
Admiral Horatio Nelson | British naval commander who won the Battle of the Nile |
coup d'etat | a forced transfer of powers |
plebiscite | a question put before all voters |
Continental System | a blockade that stopped French and allied ships from trading with Great Britain to prevent that nation from funding the rebellion against Napoleon |
nationalism | a sense of identity and unity as a people |
Czar Alexander I | Russian ruler during Napoleon's failed invasion of Russia |
Hundred Days | brief period of renewed glory for Nopoleon |
Duke of Wellington | head of the British troops during the Battle of Waterloo |
indemnity | payment to other countries to compensate for damages caused during war |
Charles Maurice de Talleyrand | French diplomat who attended the Congress of Vienna on behalf of King Louis XVIII and helped ensure fairness as the new map was drawn |
Prince Klemens von Metternich | Austrian prince who strongly influenced policy decision-making at the Congress of Vienna |
reactionary | opposing progress in hopes of conditions returning to those of earlier times |