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Chp. 16
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| caravel | a light, fast sailing ship with a rudder and lateen sails |
| Henry the Navigator | son of King John I of Portugal, patron and supporter of explorers |
| Vasco da Gama | Portuguese explorer who traveled to Calicut, India in 1497 |
| Christopher Columbus | Italian sailor who traveled west to reach china but discovered islands in the Caribbean instead |
| Ferdinand Magellan | first explorer to attempt the circumnavigate the globe; while he was killed on the way, some of his sailors completed the journey |
| circumnavigate | travel completely around the world |
| Sir Francis Drake | English explorer, second man to circumnavigate the globe |
| Henry Hudson | Dutch sailor who looked unsuccessfully for the Northwest Passage and explored the river that is now named after him |
| encomienda | Spanish system in which a colonist received land and Native American workers to whom he was required to teach Christianity |
| Hernan Cortes | Spanish explorer and conqueror of Mexico's Aztec empire |
| conquistador | Spanish term for conqueror; name for Spanish military leaders who fought against the native peoples of the Americas |
| Moctezuma II | Aztec emperor at the time of Cortes's conquest of Mexico |
| Francisco Pizarro | conqueror of Inca empire in Peru for the Spanish |
| Atahualpa | ruler of Inca empire killed by Spanish invaders led by Pizarro |
| viceroys | officials who ruled large areas of Spain's American colonies in the king's name |
| Bartolome de Las Casas | Spanish priest who criticized treatment of Native Americans, suggesting that slaves from Africa be used as laborers instead |
| Treaty of Tordesillas | treaty signed in 1493 dividing the Americas between Spain and Portugal along an imaginary line |
| Columbian Exchange | the exchange of plants, animals, and diseases due to contact between the peoples of Europe and the Americas |
| mercantilsm | the European economic policy that called for nations to gain wealth on order to build strong military and expand influence |
| balance of trade | the amount of goods sold by a country against those purchased from other countries; a favorable balance of trade meant selling more goods than were bought |
| subsidies | grants of money given by government for purposes such as helping people start new business |
| capitalism | economic system in which private individuals rather than government perform most of the economic activity, with the goal of making a profit |
| joint-stock company | a company in which investors buy shares of stock, receiving a portion of the profits, but only losing the amount of their investment if it failed |
| plantation | estates in the Americas where cash crops were grown on a large scale |
| triangular trade | trading network that brought goods from Europe to Africa to be traded for slaves, to the Americas to be sold, then brought American goods back to Europe |
| Middle Passage | name for the second leg of the triangle, bringing captive Africans to the Americas, where they were sold as slaves |
| Olaudah Equiano | African who wrote about the horrific conditions Africans endured on Middle Passage voyages |
| African Diaspora | the spread of people of African descent throughout the Americas and Western Europe as a result of the slave trade, eventually spreading African culture throughout Western world |
Created by:
emelygaleano
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