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Chapter Fiveteen
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Renaissance | an era of renewed interest and remarkable developments in art, literature, science, and learning in Europe beginning in Italy in the 1300s |
| Secular | having a worldly rather than spiritual focus |
| Humanism | a movement that emphasized the possibilities of individual accomplishment and the almost limitless potential of the human mind |
| Baldassare Castiglione | Italian aristocrat who wrote The Courtier, which became a handbook for how to succeed in society |
| Niccolo Machiavelli | Florentine political philosopher and statesman who wrote The Prince, which advised rulers to separate morals from politics |
| Lorenzo de Medici | ruler of Florence who was an important patron of arts and learning |
| Leonardo da Vinci | "Renaissance man" who became famous as a painter, architect, inventor, and engineer; painter of the Mona Lisa and The Last Supper |
| Raphael | famous painter of both classical and religious subjects and accomplished architect |
| Michelangelo Buonarroti | sculptor and painter famous for works such as the Sistine Chapel, the statue of David, and the design of the dome of St. Peter's Cathedral |
| Johannes Gutenberg | German man credited with the invention of movable type in the mid-1400s |
| Desiderius Erasmus | priest and Christian humanist philosopher who wrote about the need for a simple Christian life without the rituals and politics of the church |
| Sir Thomas More | English humanist who wrote Utopia, a book that told about a perfect but nonexistent society based on reason |
| William Shakespeare | English playwright and poet; author of such famous works as Hamlet, Romeo and Juliet, Macbeth, and A Midsummer Night's Dream |
| Christine de Pisan | Italian-born woman who wrote the first important work focusing on the role women played in society |
| Albrecht Durer | German artist who visited Italy in the late 1400s, learning techniques of realism and perspective, influencing later German Renaissance artists |
| Jan van Eyck | Flemish painter who focused on landscapes and everyday life |
| Protestant Reformation | a movement beginning in the 1500s to reform the Roman Catholic Church, which led to a split of the church between Catholics and Protestants |
| Indulgences | Exchange of money for forgiveness of sin |
| Martin Luther | critic of the Roman Catholic Church whose theses sparked discussion about its practices and beliefs and to the founding of Lutheranism |
| Theocracy | a government in which church and state are joined and whose officials are considered to be divinely inspired |
| John Calvin | important Protestant reformer whose writings became the basis of Calvinism |
| Predestination | religious doctrine that states God has already determined who will be saved and so nothing people do can change their fate |
| Henry V||| | English king who broke with the Catholic Church in order to divorce his first wife |
| Annulled | declared invalid based on church laws |
| Elizabeth | | daughter of Henry V||| and queen who firmly established England as Protestant |
| Counter-Reformation | reform movement within the Catholic Church |
| Jesuits | religious order in which emphasized reform of the church, spiritually, service to others, education, and the further spread of Catholicism; also called Society of Jesus |
| Ignatius of Loyola | founder of the Jesuits whose search for spiritual peace led him to give up his belongings and practice self-denial |
| Council of Trent | meetings called by Pope Pail ||| to make a series of reforms to the church and clarify important teachings, took place between 1545 and 1563 |
| Charles Borromeo | archbishop of Milan who implemented the reforms decreed by the Council of Trent, such as building schools for priests |
| Francis of Sales | French missionary who returned the French district of Savoy to the Catholic church and founded a religious teaching order for women |
| Teresa of Avila | Spanish nun who reformed the Carmelite order |
Created by:
annaperrell
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