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Chapter Fourteen
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Crusades | A series of wars carried out by European Christians to gain control of the Holy Land from their Muslim rulers. |
| Holy Land | Region that included Jerusalem and the area around it, considered holy by Jews, Christians, and Muslims. |
| Pope Urban || | Roman Catholic pope from 1088 to 1099; he called on Christians to launch the first crusade. |
| Saladin | Muslim sultan and hero; he campaigned to drive the Christians from the Holy Land. He stopped an army of crusaders under Richard the Lion-Hearted of England. |
| Richard the Lion-Hearted | King of England from 1189 - 1199; he fought in the Holy Land against Saladin during the Third Crusade. He eventually ceased fighting and returned to England. |
| Hanseatic League | An organization of north-German cities and towns that organized and controlled trade throughout northern Europe from the 1200s through the 1400s. |
| Credit | An arrangement by which a purchaser borrows money from a bank or other lender and agrees to pay it back over time. |
| Guilds | Associations of people who worked at the same craft or trade during the Middle Ages. |
| Apprentice | A person who learns a skill under a master of the trade. |
| Journeyman | A skilled worker who was paid wages by the master of a guild. |
| Gothic | A style of church architecture developed during the 1100s characterized by tall spires and flying buttresses. |
| Flying Buttress | An arched stone support on the outside of buildings, which allows builders to construct higher walls. |
| Illumination | The process of decorating a written manuscript with pictures or designs. |
| Hildegard of Bingen | Medieval nun and author; she wrote dozens of poems and music to accompany them. |
| Troubadours | Traveling singers who entertained people during the Middle Ages. |
| Geoffrey Chaucer | English poet; he wrote The Canterbury Tales, 23 stories of pilgrims assembled at the Tabard Inn in Southwark. |
| Dante Alighieri | Italian poet and humanist; he was the author of The Divine Comedy, one of the greatest literary classics. |
| Thomas Aquinas | Italian philosopher and theologian; he argued that rational thought could be used to support Roman Catholic belief. |
| Scholasticism | In the Middle Ages, the theological and philosophical school of thought that attempted to reconcile faith and reason. |
| Heresy | An opinion that goes against the teachings of the church. |
| Inquisitions | Institution of the Roman Catholic Church that sought to eliminate heresy by seeking out and punishing heretics; especially active in Spain in the later 1400s and 1500s. |
| Friars | Members of certain Roman Catholic religious orders; first prominent in the Europe of the late Middle Ages; unlike monks, friars preached in towns. |
| Hundred Years' War | War fought between France and England for control of the French throne. |
| Joan of Arc | French soldier and national heroine; she rallied the French troops during the Hundred Years' War and was burned at the stake for heresy. |
| Wars of the Roses | (1455-1485) Civil war for the English crown between the York (white rose) and Lancaster (red rose) families. |
| Henry V|| | King of England; he was the first king from the house of Tudor; his defeat of Richard ||| and is assumption of the throne marked the end of the Wars of the Roses and the beginning of a new era in England's history. |
| Black Death | A terrible outbreak of bubonic plague that swept through Europe, beginning in 1347. |
Created by:
annaperrell
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