Help
Options
Didn't know it?
click below
click below
Knew it?
click below
click below
Don't Know
Remaining cards (0)
Know
retry
shuffle
restart
0:00
Embed Code - If you would like this activity on your web page, copy the script below and paste it into your web page.
Normal Size Small Size show me how
Normal Size Small Size show me how
A&P Ch 18 HW
Anatomy and Physiology 2020 with Ahmed Badr
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| The red pigmented protein in erythrocytes that transports oxygen and carbon dioxide is called? | hemoglobin |
| There are ____ homeostatic mechanisms | 3 |
| 1st of the homeostatic mechanisms is ____ spasm that constrict the broken blood vessel, reducing hemorrhage | vascular |
| In platelet plug formation, a large mass of platelets ____ and undergo degranulation | aggregate |
| _____ finishes the process of the 3 homeostatic mechanisms by clotting the bloodand protecting the body from excess blood loss | Coagulation |
| When a blood vessel is injured, the first phase in homeostasis to occur is _______. This limits the amount of blood that can leak from this damaged vessel. | vascular spasm |
| Vascular spasm continues during the next phase, as both ____ and the _____ of the blood vessel wall release an array of chemicals to further stimulate this process. | platelets and endothelial cells |
| Vascular spasm usually lasts _______. The more extensive the vessel and tissue damage, the greater the degree of ______ | - from a few to many minutes - vasoconstriction |
| Platelets are sometimes called _______ | thrombocytes |
| Platelets are continually produced in the _____ by _____. | - red bone marrow - megakaryocytes |
| Normally, the concentration of platelets in an adult ranges from ______, although the count may rise further during times of stress. | 150,000 to 400,000 |
| Platelets can circulate in the blood for 8 to 10 days, unless they are needed earlier for blood clotting. An abnormally small number of platelets in circulating blood is termed ______. | thrombocytopenia |
| When blood loss is severe, the ____ nervous system helps maintain blood pressure and divert blood to where it is needed most | sympathetic |
| Coagulation | - the last stage in hemostasis - involves the conversion of fibrinogen to fibrin |
| -The second stage in homeostasis - Involves degranulation and serotonin, thromboxane A2, and ADP | Platelet Plug Formation |
| What phase in the homeostatic mechanisms involves vasoconstriction? | vascular spasm |
| The percentage of volume of ______ in the blood is called the hematocrit. This MEDICAL dictionary definition of the true hematocrit differs slightly from clinical definition, which equates the hematocrit to the percentage of _____ | - all formed element - only erythrocytes |
| Hematocrin values vary somewhat and are dependent upon the age and sex of the individual. Adult males then to have a hematocrit ranging between __(1)__, whereas adult females' hematocrin range from __(2)__. | 1. 42% and 56% 2. 38% to 46% |
| Males have a __(1)___ hematocrit because __(2)__ stimulates the kidney to produce the hormone __(3)__, which promotes erythrocyte production | 1. higher 2. testosterone 2. erythropoietin |
| Platelets, red blood cells, monocytes, and lymphocytes, are all ____ | formed elements |
| Nutrients, vitamins, hormones, and gases are all ___ | part of the plasma |
| Protein that maintains osmotic pressure | albumin |
| transports lipids | alpha and beta globulin |
| a type of antibody for defense | Gamma Globulin |
| Helps with blood clotting | Fibrinogen |
| Used and produced during cellular respiration | Plasma Gases |
| Vitamins, lipids, sugars, amino acids transported to cells for use in metabolic processes | Plasma nutrients |
| Waste produced in metabolism and amino acids | Nonprotein nitrogenous substances |
| Blood contains numerous __(1)__ red blood cells in a featureless matrix, called __(2)__ | 1. biconcave 2. plasma |
| The numerous red cells are also called ____. These cells are unique because they lack nuclei. | erythrocytes |
| There are smaller numbers of larger white cells with large, multilobed nuclei called ____, or white blood cells | leukocytes |
| Blood is located within the _____ system where it functions in the transport of nutrients, gases, wastes, and other biologically relevant molecules. | cardiovascular |
| Regarding the function of platelets | They secrete procoagulants, or clotting factors, which promote blood clotting |
| Homopoiesis occurs in ____ of certain bones. | red bone marros |
| The process of hemopoiesis starts with homopoietic stem cells called ____. They produce 2 different lines for blood cell development. | hemocytoblasts |
| The _____ forms erythrocytes, all leukocytes except lymphocytes, and megakaryocytes. | myeloid line |
| the ____ forms only lymphocytes. | lymphoid line |
| The maturation and division of hematopoietic stem cells is influenced by ____> These molecules are all growth factors | colony-stimulating factors |
| Release histamine, which promotes inflammation | basophils |
| The cytoplasm is a thin ring around the nucleus. | Lymphocytes |
| Contain cytoplasmic granules that stain bright red with eosin | Eosinophils |
| The msot common type of white blood cells. | Neutrophils |
| Two- to four-lobed nuclei | neutrophils |
| Enlarge and become macrophages which engult foreign substances | monocytes |
| Contain large cytoplasmic granules that stain dark blue or purple with basic dyes | basophils |
| Blood is also considered a _____ because it contains dissolved organic and inorganic molecules and ions. These substances include electrolyes, nutrients, gases, and waste produces. | solution |
| Polar substances like __(1)__ and charged substances like __(2)__ dissolve readily in the blood, and nonpolar molecules like __(3)__ do not readily dissolve in blood and require a __(4)__. | 1. glucose 2. salts 3. cholesterol 4. transporter protein |
| Blood is a type of ___ tissue that can be described based on its physical characteristics | connective |
| The average volume of blood in a __(1)__ adult is 5 to 6 L. A __(2)__ adult has an average blood volume of 4 to 5 L. | 1. male 2. female |
| The color of blood depends upon whether it is oxygen-rich or oxygen poor. Oxygen-rich blood is __(1)__. | bright red |
| Contrary to popular belief, oxygen-poor blood is not __(1)__; rather, oxygen-poor blood is __(2)__ | 1. blue 2. dark red |
| The structure of hemoglobin consists of __ chains | 4 |
| Two of the chains of hemoglobin are __(1)__ and two are __(2)__ proteins | 1. alpha 2. beta |
| Each of the protein chains are conjugated to a nonprotein ____ group. | heme |
| Heme group contains a(n) __ ion in the center | iron |
| There are 4 of these groups that will blind ____ for delivery to body tissues | oxygen |
| prevents clot formation | anticoagulant, antithrombin, heparin |
| Required for clot formation | fibrinogen, thrombin |
| breaks down clots | plasmin, plasminogen, streptokinase |
| Albumins | - most abundant - transport hormones and fatty acids |
| globulins | transport iron and lipids |
| fibrinogen | becomes long, insoluble strands when activated |
| regulatory proteins | enzymes |
| Transportation | - distribution of absorbed nutrients throughout the body - movement of carbon dioxide from respiring tissues to the lungs - mechanism of hormone distribution |
| protection | platelets mechanically and chemically work to plug holes in blood vessels due to trauma |
| Regulation | vasoconstriction and vasodilation due to temperature changes |
| The normal range of leukocytes in circulating blood ranges from 4,500 to 11,000 cells per microliter, where 50-70% of these are __(1)__, 20-40% are __(2)__, 2-8% are __(3)__, 1-4% are __(4)__, and less than 1% are __(5)__ | 1. neutrophils 2. lymphocytes 3. monocytes 4. eosinophils 5. basophils |
| Factor XII catalyzes the formation of a plasma enzyme called kallikrein, that in turn converts an inactive protein into ___, a fibrin-dissolving enzyme that breaks up the clot | plasmin |
| About 95% of the volume of formed elements; transport oxygen and carbon dioxide | Red blood cells (RBCs) ; Erythrocytes |
| Most of the remaining 5% of the volume of the formed elements; are involved in immunity | White blood Cells (WBCs) ; Leukocytes |
| Tiny cell fragments; making a negligible contribution to plasma volume, are involved in blood clotting | Platelets; Thrombocytes |
| When a blood vessel is damaged, the __(1)__ fibers within the connective tissue beneath the endothelial cells in the vessel wall become exposed. Platelets adhere to these fibers with the assistance of a plasma protein called __(2)__. | 1. collagen 2. von Willebrand Factor |
| As the platelets start to stick to the vessel wall, their morphology changes dramatically. They develop ____ that further adhere them to the blood vessel wall. | long processes |
| As more and more platelets aggregate to the site, a(n) __(1)__ develops to close off the injury. This is a __(2)__ measure to block the flow of blood to an area where a vessel wall is damaged. | 1. platelet plug 2. temporary |
| Platelets undergo morphologic change and become activated. Their cytoplasm ____ releasing chemicals to assist with homeostasis | degranulates |
| White Blood cells, neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils | formed element |
| water, proteins, wastes, electrolyes | plasma |
| - Decreased with radiation therapy - elevated in tissue necrosis | neutrophils |
| - elevated in multiple myeloma - decreased with HIV and sepsis | Lymphocytes |
| Elevated in parasitic infections | Eosinophils |
| Decreased in prolonged steroid theraphy | Monocytes |
| - decreased in acute allergic reactions - elevated in myeloproliferative disorders | Basophils |
| Under the microscope, a leukocyte has a bilobed nucleus and pink granules in the cytoplasm. This is probable a(n) ___ | eosinophil |
| A simple protein that makes up approximately 58% of the plasma proteins. Many act as transport molecules. | Albumin |
| A simple protein that makes up approximately 38% of the plasma proteins. Many act as part of the immune system. | Globulin |
| A protein that forms blood clots | Fibrin |
| Plasma without the clotting factors. | Serum |
| The liquid portion of blood connective tissue | Plasma |
| - smallest - maintain blood pressure and volume | albumins |
| antibodies | globulins |
| involved in blood clotting | fibrinogen |
| hormones | regulatory proteins |
| _____ blood cells are the most common cells found in blood | red |
| There are about five ____ red blood cells in each microliter of blood. | million |
| Red blood cells are produced by the bone marrow and have a lifespan of 3 to 4 _____ | months |
| When red blood cells die, they are destroyed by __(1)___ in the liver and spleen. This processes releases __(2)__ to be stored in the liver and bile pigments to be excreted | macrophages |
| - also known as clotting - includes intrinsic and extrinsic mechanisms - includes a vast enzymatic cascade of proteins produced by the liver | Coagulation |
| - Involves the disruption of prostacyclin - Involves endothelial collagen exposure | Platelet Plug Formation |
| first state in hemostasis | vascular spasm |
| - second messenger - muscle contraction | calcium |
| component of gastric acid | chloride |
| fuel molecule for cellular respiration | glucose |
| plasma membrane component | cholesterol |
| Anemia is more likely with increasing age because | the amount of red bone marrow decreases |
| neutrophil, basophil, and eosinophil cells are all | granulocyte |
| monocyte, T-lymphocyte, B-Lymphocyte, macrophage, plasma cells are all | agranulocyte |
| The cell fragments that are a component of blood are | platelets |
| Plasma is composed of about ___ water | 92% |
| The line of blood cell development that results in the formation of erythrocytes, megakaryocytes, and all leukocytes except for lymphocytes is the ____ line. | myeloid |
| The production of platelets is called | thrombopoiesis |
| From the myeloid stem cell, a committed cell called a __(1)__ is produced. It matures under the influence of the hormone __(2)__ to form a __(3)__. These cells have a large size and dense, multilobed nucleus | 1. megakaryoblast 2. thrombopoietin 3. megakaryocyte |
| Megakaryocyte each produce long extensions from themselves called __(1)__. While still attached, these extensions pass through the blood vessel wall in the red bone marrow. The force from the blood flow "slices" these extensions into __(2)__ | 1. proplatelets 2. platelets |
| 3. The hormone will stimulate the red blood marrow to ___ RBCs. | produce |
| 1. Hypoxia is inadequate oxygen ___ and can be detected by the kidneys and liver | transport |
| 5. Thus the correction of hypoxemia is controlled by a ___ feedback loop | negative |
| 4. This will result in an increase of ____ transport throughout the body | oxygen |
| 2. When detected ____ is produced and secreted | erythropoietin |
| Approximately 5 million cells per microliter (μL) of blood | Red Blood Count (RBC) |
| Approximately 16 grams (g)/100 mL of blood | Hemoglobin |
| Approximately 46% of the total blood volume | hematocrit |
| Approximately 7000 cells per microliter of blood | White Blood Count (WBC) |
| 250,000-400,000 per microliter of blood | platelet |
| Transport respiratory gases | erythrocyte |
| - Includes B- and T-cell subpopulations -Destroy cancerous and virally infected cells | Lymphocyte |
| - Produce histamine and heparine - Initiate the inflammatory response | Basophil |
| Increase in number during parasitic infections | Eosinophil |
| Differentiate into tissue macrophages | Monocyte |
| The first stage of hemostasis is ____, where the damaged blood vessel constricts suddenly | vascular spasm |
| 50-70% | neutrophils |
| - 20-40% - elevated in viral infections | lymphocytes |
| 1-4% | eosinophils |
| 2-8% | monocytes |
| < 1% | basophils |
| - resistance of a fluid to flow - results from the cohesion of fluid's particles - thickness or stickiness of a fluid - when elevated the blood flows sluggishly | viscosity |
| - governs rate of reabsorption between the bloodstream and tissue fluid - fluid transfer depends on a balance between capillary filtration and reabsorption | osmolarity |
| In a patient, the differential count shows neutrophil levels are very high. This may indicate a(n) | bacterial infection |
| _____ blood cells are responsible for the defense system in the body. | White |
| There are approximately 5 to 10 ____ white blood cells per microliter of blood. | thousand |
| Like red blood cells, the white blood cells are formed from the stem cells of the_____ | bone marrow |
| The typical WBC has a lifespan of a couple of ____ | days |
| -Elevated in tissue necrosis - decreased with radiation therapy | neutrophils |
| - elevated in multiple myeloma - decreased with HIV and sepsis | Lymphocytes |
| elevated in parasitic infections | eosinophils |
| - decreased in prolonged steroid therapy | monocytes |
| - decreased in acute allergic reactions - elevated in myeloproliferative disorders | basophils |
| The most abundant formed elements of the blood is/are | erythrocytes |
| - Blood carries oxygen to the tissues of the body - Movement of carbon dioxide from respiring tissue to lungs - movement of urea to the kidneys | transportation |
| - formed elements help destroy pathogens - globulins sequester and contribute to elimination of infectious agents | protection |
| bicarbonate buffers acids and bases | regulation |
| transport of respiratory gases | erythrocyte |
| differentiate into cells the produce antibodies | lymphocyte |
| increase in number during bacterial ifnections | neutrophil |
| vasodilatory and anticoagulatory function | basophil |
| increase in number during parasitic infections | eosinophil |
| involved with immune clearance | monocyte |
| In the breakdown of hemoglobin, the globin chains | are broken down by macrophages into amino acids. |
| In the breakdown of hemoglobin, the iron | - is transported by transferrin to the liver. - is transported by transferrin to the spleen. - is transported by transferrin to the red bone marrow. - All of the choices are correct. |
| The sequence in the breakdown of the non-iron portion of the heme is | heme, biliverdin, bilirubin, conjugated bilirubin, bilirubin derivatives, feces, and urine. |
| True or false: Free bilirubin is transported by the blood to the liver. | True |
| True or false: Iron is transported in the blood by transferrin. | true |
| In the breakdown of hemoglobin, the globin chains | are broken down by macrophages into amino acids. |
| In the breakdown of hemoglobin, the iron | -is transported by transferrin to the liver. -is transported by transferrin to the spleen. -is transported by transferrin to the red bone marrow. -All of the choices are correct. |
Created by:
elizabethcosio
Popular Anatomy sets