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Anatomy and Physiology 2020 with Ahmed Badr

Quiz yourself by thinking what should be in each of the black spaces below before clicking on it to display the answer.
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Question
Answer
The red pigmented protein in erythrocytes that transports oxygen and carbon dioxide is called?   hemoglobin  
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There are ____ homeostatic mechanisms   3  
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1st of the homeostatic mechanisms is ____ spasm that constrict the broken blood vessel, reducing hemorrhage   vascular  
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In platelet plug formation, a large mass of platelets ____ and undergo degranulation   aggregate  
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_____ finishes the process of the 3 homeostatic mechanisms by clotting the bloodand protecting the body from excess blood loss   Coagulation  
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When a blood vessel is injured, the first phase in homeostasis to occur is _______. This limits the amount of blood that can leak from this damaged vessel.   vascular spasm  
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Vascular spasm continues during the next phase, as both ____ and the _____ of the blood vessel wall release an array of chemicals to further stimulate this process.   platelets and endothelial cells  
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Vascular spasm usually lasts _______. The more extensive the vessel and tissue damage, the greater the degree of ______   - from a few to many minutes - vasoconstriction  
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Platelets are sometimes called _______   thrombocytes  
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Platelets are continually produced in the _____ by _____.   - red bone marrow - megakaryocytes  
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Normally, the concentration of platelets in an adult ranges from ______, although the count may rise further during times of stress.   150,000 to 400,000  
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Platelets can circulate in the blood for 8 to 10 days, unless they are needed earlier for blood clotting. An abnormally small number of platelets in circulating blood is termed ______.   thrombocytopenia  
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When blood loss is severe, the ____ nervous system helps maintain blood pressure and divert blood to where it is needed most   sympathetic  
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Coagulation   - the last stage in hemostasis - involves the conversion of fibrinogen to fibrin  
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-The second stage in homeostasis - Involves degranulation and serotonin, thromboxane A2, and ADP   Platelet Plug Formation  
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What phase in the homeostatic mechanisms involves vasoconstriction?   vascular spasm  
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The percentage of volume of ______ in the blood is called the hematocrit. This MEDICAL dictionary definition of the true hematocrit differs slightly from clinical definition, which equates the hematocrit to the percentage of _____   - all formed element - only erythrocytes  
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Hematocrin values vary somewhat and are dependent upon the age and sex of the individual. Adult males then to have a hematocrit ranging between __(1)__, whereas adult females' hematocrin range from __(2)__.   1. 42% and 56% 2. 38% to 46%  
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Males have a __(1)___ hematocrit because __(2)__ stimulates the kidney to produce the hormone __(3)__, which promotes erythrocyte production   1. higher 2. testosterone 2. erythropoietin  
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Platelets, red blood cells, monocytes, and lymphocytes, are all ____   formed elements  
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Nutrients, vitamins, hormones, and gases are all ___   part of the plasma  
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Protein that maintains osmotic pressure   albumin  
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transports lipids   alpha and beta globulin  
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a type of antibody for defense   Gamma Globulin  
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Helps with blood clotting   Fibrinogen  
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Used and produced during cellular respiration   Plasma Gases  
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Vitamins, lipids, sugars, amino acids transported to cells for use in metabolic processes   Plasma nutrients  
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Waste produced in metabolism and amino acids   Nonprotein nitrogenous substances  
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Blood contains numerous __(1)__ red blood cells in a featureless matrix, called __(2)__   1. biconcave 2. plasma  
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The numerous red cells are also called ____. These cells are unique because they lack nuclei.   erythrocytes  
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There are smaller numbers of larger white cells with large, multilobed nuclei called ____, or white blood cells   leukocytes  
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Blood is located within the _____ system where it functions in the transport of nutrients, gases, wastes, and other biologically relevant molecules.   cardiovascular  
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Regarding the function of platelets   They secrete procoagulants, or clotting factors, which promote blood clotting  
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Homopoiesis occurs in ____ of certain bones.   red bone marros  
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The process of hemopoiesis starts with homopoietic stem cells called ____. They produce 2 different lines for blood cell development.   hemocytoblasts  
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The _____ forms erythrocytes, all leukocytes except lymphocytes, and megakaryocytes.   myeloid line  
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the ____ forms only lymphocytes.   lymphoid line  
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The maturation and division of hematopoietic stem cells is influenced by ____> These molecules are all growth factors   colony-stimulating factors  
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Release histamine, which promotes inflammation   basophils  
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The cytoplasm is a thin ring around the nucleus.   Lymphocytes  
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Contain cytoplasmic granules that stain bright red with eosin   Eosinophils  
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The msot common type of white blood cells.   Neutrophils  
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Two- to four-lobed nuclei   neutrophils  
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Enlarge and become macrophages which engult foreign substances   monocytes  
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Contain large cytoplasmic granules that stain dark blue or purple with basic dyes   basophils  
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Blood is also considered a _____ because it contains dissolved organic and inorganic molecules and ions. These substances include electrolyes, nutrients, gases, and waste produces.   solution  
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Polar substances like __(1)__ and charged substances like __(2)__ dissolve readily in the blood, and nonpolar molecules like __(3)__ do not readily dissolve in blood and require a __(4)__.   1. glucose 2. salts 3. cholesterol 4. transporter protein  
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Blood is a type of ___ tissue that can be described based on its physical characteristics   connective  
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The average volume of blood in a __(1)__ adult is 5 to 6 L. A __(2)__ adult has an average blood volume of 4 to 5 L.   1. male 2. female  
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The color of blood depends upon whether it is oxygen-rich or oxygen poor. Oxygen-rich blood is __(1)__.   bright red  
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Contrary to popular belief, oxygen-poor blood is not __(1)__; rather, oxygen-poor blood is __(2)__   1. blue 2. dark red  
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The structure of hemoglobin consists of __ chains   4  
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Two of the chains of hemoglobin are __(1)__ and two are __(2)__ proteins   1. alpha 2. beta  
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Each of the protein chains are conjugated to a nonprotein ____ group.   heme  
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Heme group contains a(n) __ ion in the center   iron  
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There are 4 of these groups that will blind ____ for delivery to body tissues   oxygen  
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prevents clot formation   anticoagulant, antithrombin, heparin  
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Required for clot formation   fibrinogen, thrombin  
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breaks down clots   plasmin, plasminogen, streptokinase  
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Albumins   - most abundant - transport hormones and fatty acids  
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globulins   transport iron and lipids  
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fibrinogen   becomes long, insoluble strands when activated  
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regulatory proteins   enzymes  
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Transportation   - distribution of absorbed nutrients throughout the body - movement of carbon dioxide from respiring tissues to the lungs - mechanism of hormone distribution  
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protection   platelets mechanically and chemically work to plug holes in blood vessels due to trauma  
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Regulation   vasoconstriction and vasodilation due to temperature changes  
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The normal range of leukocytes in circulating blood ranges from 4,500 to 11,000 cells per microliter, where 50-70% of these are __(1)__, 20-40% are __(2)__, 2-8% are __(3)__, 1-4% are __(4)__, and less than 1% are __(5)__   1. neutrophils 2. lymphocytes 3. monocytes 4. eosinophils 5. basophils  
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Factor XII catalyzes the formation of a plasma enzyme called kallikrein, that in turn converts an inactive protein into ___, a fibrin-dissolving enzyme that breaks up the clot   plasmin  
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About 95% of the volume of formed elements; transport oxygen and carbon dioxide   Red blood cells (RBCs) ; Erythrocytes  
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Most of the remaining 5% of the volume of the formed elements; are involved in immunity   White blood Cells (WBCs) ; Leukocytes  
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Tiny cell fragments; making a negligible contribution to plasma volume, are involved in blood clotting   Platelets; Thrombocytes  
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When a blood vessel is damaged, the __(1)__ fibers within the connective tissue beneath the endothelial cells in the vessel wall become exposed. Platelets adhere to these fibers with the assistance of a plasma protein called __(2)__.   1. collagen 2. von Willebrand Factor  
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As the platelets start to stick to the vessel wall, their morphology changes dramatically. They develop ____ that further adhere them to the blood vessel wall.   long processes  
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As more and more platelets aggregate to the site, a(n) __(1)__ develops to close off the injury. This is a __(2)__ measure to block the flow of blood to an area where a vessel wall is damaged.   1. platelet plug 2. temporary  
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Platelets undergo morphologic change and become activated. Their cytoplasm ____ releasing chemicals to assist with homeostasis   degranulates  
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White Blood cells, neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils   formed element  
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water, proteins, wastes, electrolyes   plasma  
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- Decreased with radiation therapy - elevated in tissue necrosis   neutrophils  
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- elevated in multiple myeloma - decreased with HIV and sepsis   Lymphocytes  
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Elevated in parasitic infections   Eosinophils  
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Decreased in prolonged steroid theraphy   Monocytes  
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- decreased in acute allergic reactions - elevated in myeloproliferative disorders   Basophils  
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Under the microscope, a leukocyte has a bilobed nucleus and pink granules in the cytoplasm. This is probable a(n) ___   eosinophil  
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A simple protein that makes up approximately 58% of the plasma proteins. Many act as transport molecules.   Albumin  
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A simple protein that makes up approximately 38% of the plasma proteins. Many act as part of the immune system.   Globulin  
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A protein that forms blood clots   Fibrin  
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Plasma without the clotting factors.   Serum  
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The liquid portion of blood connective tissue   Plasma  
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- smallest - maintain blood pressure and volume   albumins  
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antibodies   globulins  
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involved in blood clotting   fibrinogen  
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hormones   regulatory proteins  
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_____ blood cells are the most common cells found in blood   red  
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There are about five ____ red blood cells in each microliter of blood.   million  
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Red blood cells are produced by the bone marrow and have a lifespan of 3 to 4 _____   months  
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When red blood cells die, they are destroyed by __(1)___ in the liver and spleen. This processes releases __(2)__ to be stored in the liver and bile pigments to be excreted   macrophages  
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- also known as clotting - includes intrinsic and extrinsic mechanisms - includes a vast enzymatic cascade of proteins produced by the liver   Coagulation  
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- Involves the disruption of prostacyclin - Involves endothelial collagen exposure   Platelet Plug Formation  
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first state in hemostasis   vascular spasm  
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- second messenger - muscle contraction   calcium  
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component of gastric acid   chloride  
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fuel molecule for cellular respiration   glucose  
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plasma membrane component   cholesterol  
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Anemia is more likely with increasing age because   the amount of red bone marrow decreases  
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neutrophil, basophil, and eosinophil cells are all   granulocyte  
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monocyte, T-lymphocyte, B-Lymphocyte, macrophage, plasma cells are all   agranulocyte  
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The cell fragments that are a component of blood are   platelets  
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Plasma is composed of about ___ water   92%  
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The line of blood cell development that results in the formation of erythrocytes, megakaryocytes, and all leukocytes except for lymphocytes is the ____ line.   myeloid  
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The production of platelets is called   thrombopoiesis  
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From the myeloid stem cell, a committed cell called a __(1)__ is produced. It matures under the influence of the hormone __(2)__ to form a __(3)__. These cells have a large size and dense, multilobed nucleus   1. megakaryoblast 2. thrombopoietin 3. megakaryocyte  
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Megakaryocyte each produce long extensions from themselves called __(1)__. While still attached, these extensions pass through the blood vessel wall in the red bone marrow. The force from the blood flow "slices" these extensions into __(2)__   1. proplatelets 2. platelets  
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3. The hormone will stimulate the red blood marrow to ___ RBCs.   produce  
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1. Hypoxia is inadequate oxygen ___ and can be detected by the kidneys and liver   transport  
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5. Thus the correction of hypoxemia is controlled by a ___ feedback loop   negative  
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4. This will result in an increase of ____ transport throughout the body   oxygen  
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2. When detected ____ is produced and secreted   erythropoietin  
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Approximately 5 million cells per microliter (μL) of blood   Red Blood Count (RBC)  
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Approximately 16 grams (g)/100 mL of blood   Hemoglobin  
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Approximately 46% of the total blood volume   hematocrit  
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Approximately 7000 cells per microliter of blood   White Blood Count (WBC)  
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250,000-400,000 per microliter of blood   platelet  
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Transport respiratory gases   erythrocyte  
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- Includes B- and T-cell subpopulations -Destroy cancerous and virally infected cells   Lymphocyte  
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- Produce histamine and heparine - Initiate the inflammatory response   Basophil  
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Increase in number during parasitic infections   Eosinophil  
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Differentiate into tissue macrophages   Monocyte  
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The first stage of hemostasis is ____, where the damaged blood vessel constricts suddenly   vascular spasm  
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50-70%   neutrophils  
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- 20-40% - elevated in viral infections   lymphocytes  
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1-4%   eosinophils  
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2-8%   monocytes  
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< 1%   basophils  
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- resistance of a fluid to flow - results from the cohesion of fluid's particles - thickness or stickiness of a fluid - when elevated the blood flows sluggishly   viscosity  
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- governs rate of reabsorption between the bloodstream and tissue fluid - fluid transfer depends on a balance between capillary filtration and reabsorption   osmolarity  
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In a patient, the differential count shows neutrophil levels are very high. This may indicate a(n)   bacterial infection  
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_____ blood cells are responsible for the defense system in the body.   White  
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There are approximately 5 to 10 ____ white blood cells per microliter of blood.   thousand  
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Like red blood cells, the white blood cells are formed from the stem cells of the_____   bone marrow  
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The typical WBC has a lifespan of a couple of ____   days  
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-Elevated in tissue necrosis - decreased with radiation therapy   neutrophils  
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- elevated in multiple myeloma - decreased with HIV and sepsis   Lymphocytes  
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elevated in parasitic infections   eosinophils  
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- decreased in prolonged steroid therapy   monocytes  
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- decreased in acute allergic reactions - elevated in myeloproliferative disorders   basophils  
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The most abundant formed elements of the blood is/are   erythrocytes  
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- Blood carries oxygen to the tissues of the body - Movement of carbon dioxide from respiring tissue to lungs - movement of urea to the kidneys   transportation  
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- formed elements help destroy pathogens - globulins sequester and contribute to elimination of infectious agents   protection  
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bicarbonate buffers acids and bases   regulation  
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transport of respiratory gases   erythrocyte  
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differentiate into cells the produce antibodies   lymphocyte  
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increase in number during bacterial ifnections   neutrophil  
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vasodilatory and anticoagulatory function   basophil  
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increase in number during parasitic infections   eosinophil  
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involved with immune clearance   monocyte  
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In the breakdown of hemoglobin, the globin chains   are broken down by macrophages into amino acids.  
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In the breakdown of hemoglobin, the iron   - is transported by transferrin to the liver. - is transported by transferrin to the spleen. - is transported by transferrin to the red bone marrow. - All of the choices are correct.  
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The sequence in the breakdown of the non-iron portion of the heme is   heme, biliverdin, bilirubin, conjugated bilirubin, bilirubin derivatives, feces, and urine.  
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True or false: Free bilirubin is transported by the blood to the liver.   True  
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True or false: Iron is transported in the blood by transferrin.   true  
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In the breakdown of hemoglobin, the globin chains   are broken down by macrophages into amino acids.  
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In the breakdown of hemoglobin, the iron   -is transported by transferrin to the liver. -is transported by transferrin to the spleen. -is transported by transferrin to the red bone marrow. -All of the choices are correct.  
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