Anatomy and Physiology 2020 with Ahmed Badr
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| show | hemoglobin
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| There are ____ homeostatic mechanisms | show 🗑
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| show | vascular
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| In platelet plug formation, a large mass of platelets ____ and undergo degranulation | show 🗑
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| show | Coagulation
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| When a blood vessel is injured, the first phase in homeostasis to occur is _______. This limits the amount of blood that can leak from this damaged vessel. | show 🗑
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| Vascular spasm continues during the next phase, as both ____ and the _____ of the blood vessel wall release an array of chemicals to further stimulate this process. | show 🗑
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| Vascular spasm usually lasts _______. The more extensive the vessel and tissue damage, the greater the degree of ______ | show 🗑
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| Platelets are sometimes called _______ | show 🗑
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| show | - red bone marrow
- megakaryocytes
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| Normally, the concentration of platelets in an adult ranges from ______, although the count may rise further during times of stress. | show 🗑
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| Platelets can circulate in the blood for 8 to 10 days, unless they are needed earlier for blood clotting. An abnormally small number of platelets in circulating blood is termed ______. | show 🗑
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| When blood loss is severe, the ____ nervous system helps maintain blood pressure and divert blood to where it is needed most | show 🗑
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| show | - the last stage in hemostasis
- involves the conversion of fibrinogen to fibrin
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| show | Platelet Plug Formation
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| What phase in the homeostatic mechanisms involves vasoconstriction? | show 🗑
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| The percentage of volume of ______ in the blood is called the hematocrit. This MEDICAL dictionary definition of the true hematocrit differs slightly from clinical definition, which equates the hematocrit to the percentage of _____ | show 🗑
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| show | 1. 42% and 56%
2. 38% to 46%
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| Males have a __(1)___ hematocrit because __(2)__ stimulates the kidney to produce the hormone __(3)__, which promotes erythrocyte production | show 🗑
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| show | formed elements
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| Nutrients, vitamins, hormones, and gases are all ___ | show 🗑
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| Protein that maintains osmotic pressure | show 🗑
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| transports lipids | show 🗑
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| a type of antibody for defense | show 🗑
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| Helps with blood clotting | show 🗑
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| Used and produced during cellular respiration | show 🗑
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| Vitamins, lipids, sugars, amino acids transported to cells for use in metabolic processes | show 🗑
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| show | Nonprotein nitrogenous substances
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| Blood contains numerous __(1)__ red blood cells in a featureless matrix, called __(2)__ | show 🗑
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| show | erythrocytes
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| There are smaller numbers of larger white cells with large, multilobed nuclei called ____, or white blood cells | show 🗑
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| show | cardiovascular
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| Regarding the function of platelets | show 🗑
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| show | red bone marros
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| show | hemocytoblasts
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| show | myeloid line
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| the ____ forms only lymphocytes. | show 🗑
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| show | colony-stimulating factors
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| show | basophils
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| show | Lymphocytes
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| show | Eosinophils
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| The msot common type of white blood cells. | show 🗑
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| Two- to four-lobed nuclei | show 🗑
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| Enlarge and become macrophages which engult foreign substances | show 🗑
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| Contain large cytoplasmic granules that stain dark blue or purple with basic dyes | show 🗑
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| Blood is also considered a _____ because it contains dissolved organic and inorganic molecules and ions. These substances include electrolyes, nutrients, gases, and waste produces. | show 🗑
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| Polar substances like __(1)__ and charged substances like __(2)__ dissolve readily in the blood, and nonpolar molecules like __(3)__ do not readily dissolve in blood and require a __(4)__. | show 🗑
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| show | connective
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| show | 1. male
2. female
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| The color of blood depends upon whether it is oxygen-rich or oxygen poor. Oxygen-rich blood is __(1)__. | show 🗑
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| Contrary to popular belief, oxygen-poor blood is not __(1)__; rather, oxygen-poor blood is __(2)__ | show 🗑
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| show | 4
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| Two of the chains of hemoglobin are __(1)__ and two are __(2)__ proteins | show 🗑
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| Each of the protein chains are conjugated to a nonprotein ____ group. | show 🗑
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| show | iron
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| show | oxygen
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| show | anticoagulant, antithrombin, heparin
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| Required for clot formation | show 🗑
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| show | plasmin, plasminogen, streptokinase
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| Albumins | show 🗑
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| globulins | show 🗑
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| fibrinogen | show 🗑
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| regulatory proteins | show 🗑
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| show | - distribution of absorbed nutrients throughout the body
- movement of carbon dioxide from respiring tissues to the lungs
- mechanism of hormone distribution
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| protection | show 🗑
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| Regulation | show 🗑
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| show | 1. neutrophils
2. lymphocytes
3. monocytes
4. eosinophils
5. basophils
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| Factor XII catalyzes the formation of a plasma enzyme called kallikrein, that in turn converts an inactive protein into ___, a fibrin-dissolving enzyme that breaks up the clot | show 🗑
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| About 95% of the volume of formed elements; transport oxygen and carbon dioxide | show 🗑
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| show | White blood Cells (WBCs) ; Leukocytes
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| show | Platelets; Thrombocytes
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| When a blood vessel is damaged, the __(1)__ fibers within the connective tissue beneath the endothelial cells in the vessel wall become exposed. Platelets adhere to these fibers with the assistance of a plasma protein called __(2)__. | show 🗑
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| As the platelets start to stick to the vessel wall, their morphology changes dramatically. They develop ____ that further adhere them to the blood vessel wall. | show 🗑
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| show | 1. platelet plug
2. temporary
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| show | degranulates
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| show | formed element
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| water, proteins, wastes, electrolyes | show 🗑
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| show | neutrophils
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| - elevated in multiple myeloma - decreased with HIV and sepsis | show 🗑
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| Elevated in parasitic infections | show 🗑
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| Decreased in prolonged steroid theraphy | show 🗑
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| show | Basophils
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| Under the microscope, a leukocyte has a bilobed nucleus and pink granules in the cytoplasm. This is probable a(n) ___ | show 🗑
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| A simple protein that makes up approximately 58% of the plasma proteins. Many act as transport molecules. | show 🗑
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| A simple protein that makes up approximately 38% of the plasma proteins. Many act as part of the immune system. | show 🗑
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| A protein that forms blood clots | show 🗑
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| Plasma without the clotting factors. | show 🗑
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| The liquid portion of blood connective tissue | show 🗑
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| show | albumins
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| show | globulins
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| involved in blood clotting | show 🗑
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| hormones | show 🗑
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| show | red
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| show | million
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| show | months
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| When red blood cells die, they are destroyed by __(1)___ in the liver and spleen. This processes releases __(2)__ to be stored in the liver and bile pigments to be excreted | show 🗑
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| - also known as clotting - includes intrinsic and extrinsic mechanisms - includes a vast enzymatic cascade of proteins produced by the liver | show 🗑
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| show | Platelet Plug Formation
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| show | vascular spasm
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| - second messenger - muscle contraction | show 🗑
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| show | chloride
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| show | glucose
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| plasma membrane component | show 🗑
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| Anemia is more likely with increasing age because | show 🗑
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| neutrophil, basophil, and eosinophil cells are all | show 🗑
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| show | agranulocyte
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| The cell fragments that are a component of blood are | show 🗑
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| show | 92%
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| show | myeloid
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| The production of platelets is called | show 🗑
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| From the myeloid stem cell, a committed cell called a __(1)__ is produced. It matures under the influence of the hormone __(2)__ to form a __(3)__. These cells have a large size and dense, multilobed nucleus | show 🗑
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| Megakaryocyte each produce long extensions from themselves called __(1)__. While still attached, these extensions pass through the blood vessel wall in the red bone marrow. The force from the blood flow "slices" these extensions into __(2)__ | show 🗑
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| 3. The hormone will stimulate the red blood marrow to ___ RBCs. | show 🗑
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| 1. Hypoxia is inadequate oxygen ___ and can be detected by the kidneys and liver | show 🗑
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| show | negative
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| show | oxygen
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| 2. When detected ____ is produced and secreted | show 🗑
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| Approximately 5 million cells per microliter (μL) of blood | show 🗑
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| show | Hemoglobin
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| show | hematocrit
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| Approximately 7000 cells per microliter of blood | show 🗑
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| 250,000-400,000 per microliter of blood | show 🗑
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| show | erythrocyte
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| show | Lymphocyte
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| show | Basophil
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| show | Eosinophil
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| Differentiate into tissue macrophages | show 🗑
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| The first stage of hemostasis is ____, where the damaged blood vessel constricts suddenly | show 🗑
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| show | neutrophils
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| - 20-40% - elevated in viral infections | show 🗑
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| show | eosinophils
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| show | monocytes
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| show | basophils
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| - resistance of a fluid to flow - results from the cohesion of fluid's particles - thickness or stickiness of a fluid - when elevated the blood flows sluggishly | show 🗑
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| show | osmolarity
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| In a patient, the differential count shows neutrophil levels are very high. This may indicate a(n) | show 🗑
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| _____ blood cells are responsible for the defense system in the body. | show 🗑
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| There are approximately 5 to 10 ____ white blood cells per microliter of blood. | show 🗑
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| show | bone marrow
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| show | days
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| -Elevated in tissue necrosis - decreased with radiation therapy | show 🗑
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| - elevated in multiple myeloma - decreased with HIV and sepsis | show 🗑
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| show | eosinophils
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| - decreased in prolonged steroid therapy | show 🗑
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| show | basophils
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| The most abundant formed elements of the blood is/are | show 🗑
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| - Blood carries oxygen to the tissues of the body - Movement of carbon dioxide from respiring tissue to lungs - movement of urea to the kidneys | show 🗑
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| - formed elements help destroy pathogens - globulins sequester and contribute to elimination of infectious agents | show 🗑
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| show | regulation
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| transport of respiratory gases | show 🗑
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| differentiate into cells the produce antibodies | show 🗑
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| show | neutrophil
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| vasodilatory and anticoagulatory function | show 🗑
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| show | eosinophil
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| show | monocyte
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| In the breakdown of hemoglobin, the globin chains | show 🗑
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| In the breakdown of hemoglobin, the iron | show 🗑
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| The sequence in the breakdown of the non-iron portion of the heme is | show 🗑
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| True or false: Free bilirubin is transported by the blood to the liver. | show 🗑
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| True or false: Iron is transported in the blood by transferrin. | show 🗑
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| In the breakdown of hemoglobin, the globin chains | show 🗑
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| show | -is transported by transferrin to the liver.
-is transported by transferrin to the spleen.
-is transported by transferrin to the red bone marrow.
-All of the choices are correct.
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