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Chp.13
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Charlemagne | king of France, also crowned Emperor of the Roman People in 800 |
| Papal States | a region in central Italy ruled by the Pope |
| counts | officials chosen by Charlemagne to rule parts of his empire in his name |
| navigation | planning a course of travel, such as the Viking crossing the sea |
| sagas | long Icelandic stories about great heroes and events |
| Leif Eriksson | Viking who led settlers to the eastern shores of what is now Canada |
| knights | highly skilled soldiers who fought on horseback |
| fief | land given to a knight in exchange for his services |
| vassal | a person who accepts a fief from a lord |
| feudal system | the political and social system of exchanging land for service |
| fealty | a knight's loyalty to the lord who gives him land |
| manorial system | an economic system built around large estates called manors |
| serfs | people who were legally tied to the manor on which they worked |
| Alfred the Great | first king of the united England and who drove out the Viking |
| William the Conqueror | Duke of Normandy, conquered England 1066 |
| Domesday Book | the record of William's survey of England's people and their property |
| Eleanor of Aquitaine | powerful French duchess; divorced the king of France to marry Henry II of England and about half of France with him |
| Magna Carta | document that restricted the king of England's power, considered to be the first step toward democracy in England |
| Parliament | governing body that was the result of the king's council in the 1260s and which still makes England's law today |
| Hugh Capet | first ruler from the Capetian dynasty that ruled and expanded France |
| Otto the Great | Saxon duke who became emperor of the Holy Roman Emperor in the early 900s |
| Reconquista | Christian leaders' effort to retake the Iberian peninsula from the Moors |
| piety | a person's level of devotion to religion |
| Pope Gregory VII | pope who excommunicated Henry IV, showing that a pope could stand up to the emperor |
| pontificate | term of office of a particular pope |
| Henry IV | Holy Roman Emperor who clashed with Pope Gregory VII in 1075 |